{"id":5855,"date":"2013-11-01T01:08:34","date_gmt":"2013-11-01T08:08:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/?p=5855"},"modified":"2019-11-12T16:59:00","modified_gmt":"2019-11-13T00:59:00","slug":"london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/","title":{"rendered":"London Vegans 1856 &#8211; Elizabeth And William Horsell"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_75 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Note_%E2%80%93_I_use_the_word_%E2%80%98vegan_in_my_historical_ramblings_to_refer_to_folks_who_ate_only_plants_%E2%80%93_but_please_remember_that_the_word_%E2%80%98vegan_itself_was_not_used_until_88_years_ago_%E2%80%93_in_1944\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\"  >Note &#8211; I use the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in my historical ramblings to refer to folks who ate only plants &#8211; but please remember that the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself was not used until 88+ years ago &#8211; in 1944.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Pioneer_Vegan\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\"  >Pioneer Vegan<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#William_Horsell_London_c1857_1\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\"  >William Horsell, London, c.1857 (1)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Vegan_London\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\"  >Vegan London<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#We_are_a_part_of_an_old_tradition_There_were_actually_vegan_%E2%80%98meet-ups_%E2%80%98pot-lucks_being_held_in_London_150_years_ago_We_are_fortunate_to_have_original_records_of_some_of_them_in_the_Ernest_Bell_Library\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\"  >We are a part of an old tradition! There were actually vegan &#8216;meet-ups&#8217; &amp; &#8216;pot-lucks&#8217; being held in London 150+ years ago.\u00a0We are fortunate to have original records of some of them in the Ernest Bell Library.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Londons_first_vegan_residential_community_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98The_Concordium_%E2%80%93_ran_from_around_1838_to_1848_The_Concordiums_goal_was_to_produce_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%9Cintegral_men_women%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9Dwhole_men_women%E2%80%9D_2\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\"  >London&#8217;s first vegan residential community &#8211; &#8216;The Concordium&#8217; &#8211; ran from around 1838 to 1848.\u00a0The Concordium&#8217;s \u00a0goal was to produce &#8211; &#8220;integral men &amp; women&#8221; &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;&#8221;whole men &amp; women&#8221;. (2)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#In_the_late_1840s_the_1850s_vegan_pioneers_Elizabeth_and_William_Horsell_actively_leafleted_London_farther_afield_broadcasting_the_clear_message_that_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\"  >In the late 1840s &amp; the 1850s,\u00a0vegan pioneers Elizabeth and William Horsell, actively leafleted London &amp; farther afield, broadcasting the clear message that: &#8211;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#_%E2%80%A6it_was_not_enough_that_one_should_give_up_the_use_of_flesh_one_should_become_a_whole_and_not_a_half_person_and_give_up_the_use_of_tea_coffee_cheese_eggs_and_milk\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\"  >~ &#8230;.it was not enough that one should give up the use of flesh, one should become a whole, and not a half\u00a0 person, and give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. ~<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Discord_%E2%80%93_Elizabeth_and_William_Horsell_met_with_strong_opposition_from_the_wealthy_milk_egg_honey_addicts_of_the_Manchester_based_%E2%80%98Vegetarian_Society_which_the_Horsells_themselves_had_co-founded_in_1847\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\"  >Discord &#8211; Elizabeth and William Horsell\u00a0met with strong opposition from the wealthy milk, egg &amp; honey addicts of the Manchester based &#8216;Vegetarian Society&#8217;, which the Horsells themselves had \u00a0co-founded in 1847.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#_Books_Whole-foods\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\"  >\u00a0Books &amp; Whole-foods<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#At_the_bottom_of_this_post_you_will_find_the_image_of_the_front_cover_of_the_Horsells_July_1856_catalogue_of_vegetarian_and_other_books_wholefoods_and_kitchen_utensils_and_%E2%80%98pure_chocolate\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\"  >At the bottom of this post you will find the image of the front cover of the Horsells&#8217; \u00a0July 1856 catalogue of vegetarian and other books, wholefoods and kitchen utensils, and &#8216;pure&#8217; chocolate.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#A_best-selling_book_of_the_period_among_vegetarians_was_a_%E2%80%98recent_1852_edition_of_Martha_Brothertons_recipe_book_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\"  >A best-selling book of the period among vegetarians was a \u2018recent\u2019 1852 edition of Martha Brotherton&#8217;s recipe book: &#8211;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#BROTHERTON_Mrs_Joseph_VEGETABLE_COOKERY_By_a_Lady_With_an_Introduction_Explanatory_of_the_Principles_of_Vegetarianism_London_Fred_Pitman_1852_We_have_a_copy\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\"  >[BROTHERTON, Mrs. Joseph]. \u00a0VEGETABLE COOKERY. By a Lady. With an Introduction Explanatory of the Principles of Vegetarianism. \u00a0London: Fred Pitman, \u00a01852. (We have a copy).<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#In_the_book_Martha_Brotherton_had_categorized_vegetarians_into_4_%E2%80%98styles_she_boldly_called_%E2%80%98veganism_%E2%80%98The_First_Style_3\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\"  >In the book, Martha Brotherton had categorized\u00a0vegetarians into 4 &#8216;styles&#8217; &amp; she boldly called &#8216;veganism&#8217;,\u00a0&#8216;The First Style.\u00a0(3)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Why_no_tea_coffee_%E2%80%93_the_Horsells_were_teetotalers_active_prohibitionists_Remember_also_that_in_the_1850s_your_%E2%80%98China_tea_%E2%80%98Jamaica_coffee_was_very_likely_to_be_adulterated_unless_you_were_very_well_connected_very_wealthy_A_relatively_small_amount_of_Assam_tea_was_already_available_in_London_Tea_had_just_began_to_be_planted_in_Darjeeling_but_the_bushes_were_still_too_young_to_be_%E2%80%98picked\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\"  >Why no tea &amp; coffee? &#8211; the Horsells were teetotalers &amp; active prohibitionists. Remember also that in the 1850s your &#8216;China&#8217; tea &amp; &#8216;Jamaica&#8217; coffee was very likely to be adulterated, unless you were very well connected &amp; very wealthy. A relatively small amount of Assam tea was already available in London. Tea had just began to be planted in Darjeeling, but the bushes were still too young to be &#8216;picked&#8217;.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Once_British_colonial_tea_was_firmly_established_by_the_1880s_perceived_to_be_a_strong_beverage_unadulterated_and_unsullied_Indian_and_Ceylonese_tea_could_be_seen_as_the_%E2%80%9Cpatriotic%E2%80%9D_drink_of_the_hygienically_minded_Briton_%E2%80%9CWhile_China_tea_was_still_grossly_adulterated_grown_and_manufactured_by_primitive_hand_methods_Indian_was_produced_on_large_highly_capitalised_estates_using_all_the_modern_apparatus_of_science_technology_and_research_The_Victorian_mind_was_greatly_reassured_by_the_knowledge_that_its_Indian_tea_was_%E2%80%98untouched_by_human_hand%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%93_much_more_here\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\"  >Once British colonial tea was firmly established by the 1880s, perceived to be a strong beverage unadulterated and unsullied, Indian and Ceylonese tea could be seen as the \u201cpatriotic\u201d drink of the hygienically minded Briton: \u201cWhile China tea was still grossly adulterated, grown and manufactured by primitive hand methods, Indian was produced on large, highly capitalised estates, using all the modern apparatus of science, technology and research. The Victorian mind was greatly reassured by the knowledge that its Indian tea was \u2018untouched by human hand\u2019\u201d &#8211; much more here<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Flours_baked_breads_were_also_horribly_adulterated_The_Horsells_sold_hand_grinding_mills_so_that_their_customers_could_grind_their_own_wheat_flour_pea_flour_other_flours\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\"  >Flours &amp; baked breads were also horribly adulterated. The Horsells sold hand grinding mills, so that their customers could grind their own wheat flour, pea flour &amp; other flours.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Cocoa_was_the_preferred_drink_of_the_vegetarians_and_the_teetotalers_William_Horsell_worked_with_the_Quaker_Cadbury_family_promoting_their_%E2%80%98pure_cocoa_powders_The_Cadburys_were_also_important_supporters_of_the_%E2%80%98Animals_Friend_Society_which_Ernest_Bell_later_revived\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\"  >Cocoa\u00a0was the preferred drink of the vegetarians and the teetotalers. William Horsell worked with the Quaker Cadbury family promoting their &#8216;pure cocoa powders&#8217;. The Cadburys were also important supporters of the &#8216;Animals&#8217; Friend Society&#8217;, which Ernest Bell later revived.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_vegetarians_humanitarians_teetotalers_etc_of_this_era_were_superb_net-workers\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\"  >The vegetarians, humanitarians, teetotalers etc. of this era were superb net-workers.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6the_%E2%80%98stuff_of_many_of_our_future_articles\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\"  >&#8230;&#8230;.the &#8216;stuff&#8217; of many of our future articles.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#In_our_Ernest_Bell_Library_we_are_fortunate_to_have_an_original_bound_volume_of_Elizabeth_and_William_Horsells_monthly_magazine_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\"  >In our Ernest Bell Library, we are fortunate to have an original bound volume of Elizabeth and William Horsell&#8217;s monthly magazine: &#8211;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_Journal_of_Health\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\"  >The Journal of Health<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#i\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\"  >&amp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Phrenological_Magazine\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\"  >Phrenological Magazine.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Vol_V\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\"  >Vol. V.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Covering_the_period_%E2%80%93_Sept_1855_to_August_1856\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\"  >Covering the period &#8211; Sept 1855 to August 1856.\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_only_other_catalogued_surviving_copies_which_we_can_locate_are_held_in_the_British_Library\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\"  >The only other catalogued surviving copies, which we can locate, are held in the British Library.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#There_are_12_monthly_issues_The_magazines_were_edited_by_another_vegan_Frederic_Towgood_Jabez_Inwards_also_a_vegan_was_another_close_collaborator_the_above_photograph_of_William_Horsell_came_from_the_collection_of_his_son_Richard_Inwards\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\"  >There are 12 monthly issues.\u00a0The magazines were edited by another vegan, Frederic Towgood.\u00a0Jabez Inwards, also a vegan, was another close collaborator; the above photograph of William Horsell came from the collection of his son, Richard Inwards.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Below_this_transcribed_is_my_one_of_my_favorite_pieces_in_the_magazines_I_have_emailed_it_to_many_friends_this_is_the_first_time_that_it_has_appeared_on_the_Internet\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\"  >Below this, transcribed, \u00a0is my one of my favorite pieces in the magazines.\u00a0I have emailed it to many friends, this is the first time that it has appeared on the Internet!<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_original_font_is_tiny_the_layout_is_2_narrow_columns_per_page_I_have_presented_it_as_separate_lines_of_text_this_is_because_the_original_paragraph_breaks_are_somewhat_unclear_I_have_also_added_some_other_notes_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6as_is_my_habit\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\"  >The original font is tiny &amp; the layout is 2 narrow columns per page. \u00a0I have presented it as separate lines of text, this is because the original paragraph breaks are somewhat unclear.\u00a0I have also added some other notes &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;as is my habit.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Setting_the_scene\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\"  >Setting the scene<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6please_picture_a_room_full_of_%E2%80%93_whole_people_meeting_together_to_exchange_stories_each_month_with_a_table_covered_in_vegan_snacks_drinks_on_a_Thursday_afternoon_in_1856\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\"  >&#8230;&#8230;please picture a room full of &#8211; whole people, meeting together to exchange stories each month, with a table covered in vegan snacks &amp; drinks, on a Thursday afternoon in 1856.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#All_in_a_time_before_cars_when_bicycles_were_%E2%80%98high-wheelers_or_%E2%80%98penny-farthings_when_flight_was_possible_only_in_hot_air_balloons_when_railways_had_not_yet_penetrated_the_City_of_London_or_the_West_End_and_when_most_people_would_have_arrived_at_the_meeting_on_foot_or_in_horse_drawn_carriages\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\"  >All in a time before cars, when bicycles were &#8216;high-wheelers&#8217; or &#8216;penny-farthings, when flight was possible only in hot air balloons, when railways had not yet penetrated the City of London or the West End, and when most people would have arrived at the meeting on foot or in horse drawn carriages.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_room_would_have_been_lit_by_gas_lamps_or_by_oil_lamps_It_was_25_years_later_in_1881_that_the_Savoy_Theatre_in_London_was_the_first_public_building_in_the_world_to_be_lit_entirely_by_electricity\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\"  >The room would have been lit by gas lamps or by oil lamps.\u00a0It was 25 years later, in 1881, that the Savoy Theatre in\u00a0London was the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_Horsells_monthly_vegan_meetings_had_become_popular_had_outgrown_the_space_at_the_%E2%80%98Vegetarian_Depot_at_492_Oxford_Street\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\"  >The Horsells&#8217; monthly vegan meetings had become popular &amp; had outgrown the space at the \u00a0&#8216;Vegetarian Dep\u00f4t&#8217; at 492, Oxford Street.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Remember_also_that_in_1856_there_were_still_no_vegetarian_restaurants_in_London_Thomas_Low_Nichols_opened_the_first_one_in_1879_%E2%80%98The_Alpha_also_located_in_Londons_Oxford_Street_In_future_posts_we_will_share_copies_of_some_of_the_first_reviews_the_menu_cards_of_%E2%80%98The_Alpha\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\"  >Remember also that, in 1856 there were still no vegetarian restaurants in London. Thomas Low Nichols opened the first one in 1879, &#8216;The Alpha&#8217;, also located in London&#8217;s Oxford Street. (In future posts we will share copies of some of the first reviews &amp; the menu cards of \u00a0&#8216;The Alpha&#8217;.)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#In_this_part_of_the_meeting_one_Mr_Groves_first_name_not_yet_rediscovered_very_graphically_discusses_his_meetings_with_the_London_vegans_his_decision_to_help_his_whole_family_to_become_fully_vegan\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\"  >In this part of the meeting one Mr. Groves (first name not yet rediscovered) very graphically discusses his meetings with the London vegans &amp; his decision to help his whole family to become fully vegan.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-2\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Report_of_the_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98Vegan_Meet-up_%E2%80%93_Thursday_April_3_1856\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\"  >Report of the &#8211; &#8216;Vegan Meet-up&#8217; &#8211; Thursday April 3, 1856.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_Journal_of_Health_Phrenological_Magazine_%E2%80%93_No_9_Vol_5_Issue_for_May_1856_%E2%80%93_excerpt_from_pages_213_214\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\"  >The Journal of Health &amp; Phrenological Magazine &#8211; No. 9. Vol 5. Issue for May 1856 &#8211; excerpt from pages 213 &amp; 214.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#DIETETIC_REFORM\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\"  >DIETETIC REFORM<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_London_Vegetarian_Association_held_their_usual_monthly_soiree_at_the_National_Hall_Holborn_on_Thursday_April_3rd\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\"  >The London Vegetarian Association held their usual monthly\u00a0soir\u00e9e\u00a0at the National Hall, Holborn, on Thursday April 3rd.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Mr_GROVES_related_his_own_experience\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\"  >Mr. GROVES related his own experience.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_had_tried_the_old_system_and_he_knew_from_experience_what_vegetarianism_was_my_note_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98the_old_system_the_flesh_diet\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\"  >He had tried the old system, and he knew from experience what vegetarianism was. \u00a0\u00a0(my note\u00a0&#8211; &#8216;the\u00a0old system&#8217; = the flesh diet)\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_was_an_old_teetotaler\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\"  >He was an old teetotaler.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#At_first_he_had_been_induced_to_try_vegetarianism_for_three_months_and_during_that_time_refrained_from_the_use_of_dead_flesh_but_he_found_he_had_a_family_growing_up_around_him_and_he_considered_that_it_was_his_duty_to_take_care_of_his_means_as_well_as_his_health_my_note_%E2%80%93_here_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98means_money_financial_resources\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\"  >At first he had been induced to try vegetarianism for three months, and\u00a0during that time refrained from the use of dead flesh; but he found he had a family growing up around him, and he considered that it was his duty to take care of his means as well as his health. \u00a0\u00a0(my note &#8211; here &#8211; &#8216;means&#8217; = money, financial resources.)\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_called_at_the_Vegetarian_Depot_at_492_Oxford-street_where_he_received_some_good_instructions_among_others_that_it_was_not_enough_that_he_should_give_up_the_use_of_flesh_he_should_become_a_whole_and_not_a_half_man_and_give_up_the_use_of_tea_coffee_cheese_eggs_and_milk_my_note_%E2%80%93_the_%E2%80%98Vegetarian_Depot_was_a_project_of_William_Horsell_Frederic_Towgood_other_friends_%E2%80%98whole_man_%E2%80%98whole_person_full_vegetarian_%E2%80%93_vegan\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\"  >He called at the Vegetarian Depot, at 492, Oxford-street, where he received\u00a0some good instructions; among others, that it was not enough that he should\u00a0give up the use of flesh, he should become a\u00a0whole, and not a\u00a0half\u00a0man, and\u00a0give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. \u00a0(my note &#8211; the &#8216;Vegetarian Dep\u00f4t&#8217; was a project of William Horsell, Frederic Towgood &amp; other friends. &#8216;whole\u00a0man&#8217; \/ &#8216;whole person&#8217;\u00a0= full vegetarian &#8211; vegan)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_resolved_to_do_so\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\"  >He resolved to do so.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#At_first_his_family_felt_some_little_inconvenience_in_entirely_giving_up_milk_but_they_got_out_of_it_gradually\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\"  >At first his family felt some little inconvenience in entirely giving up milk, but\u00a0they got out of it gradually.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_had_also_given_over_shaving_and_had_let_his_beard_grow_my_note_%E2%80%93_William_Horsell_was_most_definitely_a_%E2%80%98beard_man_%E2%80%93_see_photo_at_the_top_of_this_post\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\"  >He had also given over shaving, and had let his beard grow. \u00a0(my note &#8211;\u00a0William Horsell was most definitely a &#8216;beard man&#8217; &#8211; see photo at the top of this post.)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_had_likewise_abandoned_the_use_of_tobacco_and_snuff\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\"  >He had likewise abandoned the use of tobacco and snuff.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#When_a_youth_he_was_troubled_with_a_pain_in_his_side_and_he_had_actually_been_whipped_to_smoke_but_he_did_not_long_require_whipping_he_also_took_snuff_my_note_%E2%80%93_tobacco_was_considered_by_some_to_be_medicinal_%E2%80%93_this_started_to_change_after_the_isolation_of_nicotine_from_tobacco_leaves_in_1828_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6imagine_parents_%E2%80%98whipping_their_children_to_force_them_to_smoke\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\"  >When a youth he was troubled with a pain in his side, and he had actually been whipped to smoke; but he did not long require whipping: he also took snuff.\u00a0\u00a0(my note &#8211; tobacco was considered by some to be medicinal &#8211; this started to change after\u00a0the isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves in 1828. &#8230;&#8230;imagine parents &#8216;whipping&#8217; their children to force them to smoke!)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Now_he_had_entirely_given_up_everything_of_the_kind\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\"  >Now he had entirely given up everything of the kind.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_now_enjoyed_his_cold_bath_and_with_his_bread_and_apples_toast_and_filtered_water_and_plenty_of_jams_and_other_good_things_prepared_from_the_corns_and_fruits_always_enjoyed_comfortable_meals_and_now_at_45_as_a_vegetarian_he_enjoyed_as_good_health_and_mental_vigour_as_he_did_at_21\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\"  >He now enjoyed his cold bath; and with his bread and apples, toast and filtered water, and plenty of jams and other good things, prepared from the corns and fruits, always enjoyed comfortable meals; and now at 45, as a vegetarian, he enjoyed as good health and mental vigour as he did at 21.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_could_walk_twenty_to_thirty_miles_a_day_with_the_greatest_ease_and_during_the_time_he_had_been_a_vegetarian_he_had_enjoyed_himself_better_than_at_any_former_period_of_his_life\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\"  >He could walk twenty to thirty miles a day with the greatest ease; and during the time he had been a vegetarian, he had enjoyed himself better than at any former period of his life.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#From_his_own_experience_he_could_speak_of_the_vegetarian_system_in_the_highest_terms_he_was_deeply_grateful_to_the_vegetarians_of_London_and_spoke_in_high_terms_of_their_untiring_energy_and_self-denial\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\"  >From his own experience he could speak of the vegetarian system in the highest terms: he was deeply grateful to the vegetarians of London, and spoke in high terms of their untiring energy and self-denial.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#He_cordially_recommended_the_system_to_all_who_had_not_tried_it_and_in_conclusion_recommended_brown_bread_as_being_much_preferable_to_white\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\"  >He cordially recommended the system to all who had not tried it; and, in conclusion, recommended brown bread as being much preferable to white.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-3\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#_The_original_pages_%E2%80%93_click_to_enlarge_them\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\"  >\u00a0The original pages &#8211; click to enlarge them<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-4\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#_This_is_the_cover_of_Elizabeth_William_Horsells_July_1856_catalogue_of_vegetarian_animal_rights_other_books_Copies_of_the_full_catalogue_will_be_emailed_to_anyone_who_requests_one_The_pdf_file_size_is_approx_10_MB\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\"  >\u00a0This is the cover of Elizabeth &amp; William Horsell&#8217;s July 1856 catalogue of vegetarian, animal rights &amp; other books. Copies of the full catalogue will be emailed to anyone who requests one. The .pdf file size is approx. 10 MB.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-5\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Notes\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\"  >Notes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#1_%E2%80%93_Photograph_of_William_Horsell_by_Maull_Polyblank_London_c1857_%E2%80%93_The_Museum_of_the_History_of_Science_has_the_original_%E2%80%93_see_here_%E2%80%93_http_wwwmhsoxacukcollections_searchdisplayrecord_modedisplaymixed_moduleecatalogue_invnumber17477_irn936_query\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\"  >1) &#8211;\u00a0Photograph of William Horsell, by Maull &amp; Polyblank, London, c.1857 &#8211; The Museum of the History of Science has the original &#8211; see here\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0http:\/\/www.mhs.ox.ac.uk\/collections\/ search\/displayrecord\/? mode=displaymixed&amp;module=ecatalogue&amp; invnumber=17477&amp;irn=936&amp;query=<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#2_http_enwikipediaorgwikiAlcott_House\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\"  >2)\u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcott_House<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#3_%E2%80%93_To_learn_a_great_deal_more_about_the_early_London_%E2%80%98vegans_see_John_Davis_very_excellent_pdf_file_%E2%80%93_World_Veganism_%E2%80%93_past_present_and_future_%E2%80%93_http_wwwivuorghistoryVegan_Historypdf_%E2%80%93_here\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\"  >3)\u00a0&#8211; To learn a great deal more about the early London &#8216;vegans&#8217; see John Davis&#8217; very excellent .pdf file: &#8211;\u00a0World Veganism \u2013 past, present, and future\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0http:\/\/www.ivu.org\/history\/Vegan_History.pdf\u00a0&#8211; here.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-6\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Our_Projects\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\"  >Our Projects<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_Henry_Salt_Archive_is_one_of_our_almost_completed_projects\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\"  >The Henry Salt Archive is one of our, almost completed, projects.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_Humanitarian_League_is_our_Hong_Kong_registered_charity\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\"  >The Humanitarian League is our Hong Kong registered charity.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#The_Ernest_Bell_Library_was_conceived_in_1934_It_is_still_strong_very_active_eighty_years_later_%E2%80%93_its_primary_objectives_are_to_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\"  >The Ernest Bell Library\u00a0was conceived in 1934. It is still strong &amp; very active eighty years later \u2013\u00a0\u00a0its primary objectives are to: \u2013<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Collect_all_of_Ernest_Bells_book_non-book_works_and_make_them_easily_accessible_to_everyone\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\"  >Collect all of Ernest Bell\u2019s book &amp; non-book works and make them easily accessible to everyone.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Collect_the_literature_of_vegetarianism_and_all_the_other_humanitarian_movements_in_which_Ernest_Bell_was_so_deeply_involved\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\"  >Collect the literature of vegetarianism and all the other humanitarian movements in which Ernest Bell was so deeply involved.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Assist_students_and_scholars_in_their_research\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\"  >Assist students and scholars in their research.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Introduce_all_aspects_of_Ernest_Bells_life_including_his_writings_campaign_work_influences_and_his_circle_of_friends\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\"  >Introduce all aspects of Ernest Bell\u2019s life, including his writings, campaign work, influences and his circle of friends.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Undertake_our_own_research_into_missing_aspects_of_Ernest_Bells_life_and_work\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\"  >Undertake our own research into missing aspects of Ernest Bell\u2019s life and work.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#We_already_have_more_than_300_pieces_of_Ernest_Bells_own_writings\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\"  >We already have more than 300 pieces of Ernest Bell\u2019s own writings.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#We_are_also_actively_building_a_collection_of_examples_of_promotional_material_campaign_material_fundraising_marketing_activities_etc_%E2%80%93_related_to_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\"  >We are also actively building a collection of examples of promotional material, campaign material, fundraising &amp; marketing activities etc. \u2013 related to: \u2013<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#vegetarian_products\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\"  >veg(etari)an products.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#vegetarian_books_other_publications\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\"  >veg(etari)an books &amp; other publications.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#vegetarian_organisations\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\"  >veg(etari)an\u00a0organisations.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#vegetarian_businesses\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\"  >veg(etari)an businesses.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#animal_rights_organisations\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\"  >animal rights organisations.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#animal_rights_publications\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\"  >animal rights publications.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#humanitarian_organisations\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-86\"  >humanitarian organisations.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#humanitarian_publications\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-87\"  >humanitarian publications.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#rambling_clubs_run_by_members_of_the_above_groups_related_publications\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-88\"  >rambling clubs run by members of the above groups &amp; related publications.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#the_work_of_Richard_St_Barbe_Baker_the_%E2%80%98Men_of_the_Trees_organization_its_many_sub-branches\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-89\"  >the work of Richard St. Barbe Baker &amp; the \u2018Men of the Trees\u2019 organization &amp; its many sub-branches.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#There_are_currently_more_than_3000_items_in_the_Ernest_Bell_Library\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-90\"  >There are currently more than 3,000 items in the Ernest Bell Library.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#We_will_complete_the_cataloging_of_the_collection_as_when_adequate_funds_are_available\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-91\"  >We will complete the\u00a0cataloging of the collection as &amp; when adequate funds are available.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#It_is_long_past_time_for_the_library_to_go_online\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-92\"  >It is long past time for the library to go online!<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#_%E2%80%9CI_have_little_doubt_that_the_proposal_for_the_establishment_of_an_Ernest_Bell_Library_which_would_specialize_in_humanitarian_and_progressive_literature_and_so_form_a_sort_of_centre_for_students_will_meet_with_a_wide_response%E2%80%9D\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-93\"  >\u00a0\u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library,\u00a0which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature,\u00a0and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#Henry_S_Salt_%E2%80%93_writing_in_September_1934\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-94\"  >Henry S. Salt \u2013 writing in September 1934<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-7\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-95\"  >&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#If_anyone_would_like_more_information_please_send_an_email_to_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-96\"  >If anyone would like more information, please send an email to:\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#humanitarianleague_at_outlook_dot_com\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-97\"  >humanitarianleague (at) outlook (dot) com\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#%E2%80%93_or_message_me_through_HappyCow_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-98\"  >&#8211; or message me \u00a0through\u00a0HappyCow\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-99\" href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#https_wwwhappycownetblogauthorJohnnySensible_%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94\" >https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/ \n&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#If_you_are_a_Tweeter_please_consider_sending_this_post_out_to_your_friends\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-100\"  >If you are a Tweeter, please consider sending this post out to your friends.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Note_%E2%80%93_I_use_the_word_%E2%80%98vegan_in_my_historical_ramblings_to_refer_to_folks_who_ate_only_plants_%E2%80%93_but_please_remember_that_the_word_%E2%80%98vegan_itself_was_not_used_until_88_years_ago_%E2%80%93_in_1944\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Note &#8211; I use the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in my historical ramblings to refer to folks who ate only plants &#8211; but please remember that the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself was not used until 88+ years ago &#8211; in 1944.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Horsell.jpg\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5856 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Horsell-218x300.jpg\" alt=\"William Horsell\" width=\"218\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Horsell-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Horsell.jpg 535w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 218px) 100vw, 218px\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pioneer_Vegan\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pioneer Vegan<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"William_Horsell_London_c1857_1\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>William Horsell, London, c.1857 <\/strong>(1)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vegan_London\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Vegan London<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"We_are_a_part_of_an_old_tradition_There_were_actually_vegan_%E2%80%98meet-ups_%E2%80%98pot-lucks_being_held_in_London_150_years_ago_We_are_fortunate_to_have_original_records_of_some_of_them_in_the_Ernest_Bell_Library\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We are a part of an old tradition! There were actually vegan &#8216;meet-ups&#8217; &amp; &#8216;pot-lucks&#8217; being held in London 150+ years ago.\u00a0We are fortunate to have original records of some of them in the Ernest Bell Library.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Londons_first_vegan_residential_community_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98The_Concordium_%E2%80%93_ran_from_around_1838_to_1848_The_Concordiums_goal_was_to_produce_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%9Cintegral_men_women%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9Dwhole_men_women%E2%80%9D_2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">London&#8217;s first vegan residential community &#8211; &#8216;The Concordium&#8217; &#8211; ran from around 1838 to 1848.\u00a0The Concordium&#8217;s \u00a0goal was to produce &#8211; <strong>&#8220;integral men &amp; women&#8221;<\/strong> &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;&#8221;whole men &amp; women&#8221;. (2)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_the_late_1840s_the_1850s_vegan_pioneers_Elizabeth_and_William_Horsell_actively_leafleted_London_farther_afield_broadcasting_the_clear_message_that_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the late 1840s &amp; the 1850s,\u00a0<strong>vegan pioneers Elizabeth and William Horsell<\/strong>, actively leafleted London &amp; farther afield, broadcasting the clear message that: &#8211;<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%E2%80%A6it_was_not_enough_that_one_should_give_up_the_use_of_flesh_one_should_become_a_whole_and_not_a_half_person_and_give_up_the_use_of_tea_coffee_cheese_eggs_and_milk\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>~ &#8230;.it was not enough that one should give up the use of flesh, one should become a <em>whole<\/em>, and not a <em>half<\/em>\u00a0 person, and give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. ~<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discord_%E2%80%93_Elizabeth_and_William_Horsell_met_with_strong_opposition_from_the_wealthy_milk_egg_honey_addicts_of_the_Manchester_based_%E2%80%98Vegetarian_Society_which_the_Horsells_themselves_had_co-founded_in_1847\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Discord<\/span> &#8211; Elizabeth and William Horsell\u00a0met with strong opposition from the wealthy milk, egg &amp; honey addicts of the Manchester based &#8216;Vegetarian Society&#8217;, which the Horsells themselves had \u00a0co-founded in 1847.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Books_Whole-foods\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u00a0Books &amp; Whole-foods<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"At_the_bottom_of_this_post_you_will_find_the_image_of_the_front_cover_of_the_Horsells_July_1856_catalogue_of_vegetarian_and_other_books_wholefoods_and_kitchen_utensils_and_%E2%80%98pure_chocolate\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At the bottom of this post you will find the image of the front cover of the Horsells&#8217; \u00a0July 1856 catalogue of vegetarian and other books, wholefoods and kitchen utensils, and &#8216;pure&#8217; chocolate.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_best-selling_book_of_the_period_among_vegetarians_was_a_%E2%80%98recent_1852_edition_of_Martha_Brothertons_recipe_book_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A best-selling book of the period among vegetarians was a \u2018recent\u2019 1852 edition of Martha Brotherton&#8217;s recipe book: &#8211;<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"BROTHERTON_Mrs_Joseph_VEGETABLE_COOKERY_By_a_Lady_With_an_Introduction_Explanatory_of_the_Principles_of_Vegetarianism_London_Fred_Pitman_1852_We_have_a_copy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[BROTHERTON, Mrs. Joseph]. \u00a0<em>VEGETABLE COOKERY. By a Lady. With an Introduction Explanatory of the Principles of Vegetarianism.<\/em> \u00a0London: Fred Pitman, \u00a01852.<\/span> (We have a copy).<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_the_book_Martha_Brotherton_had_categorized_vegetarians_into_4_%E2%80%98styles_she_boldly_called_%E2%80%98veganism_%E2%80%98The_First_Style_3\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the book, Martha Brotherton had categorized\u00a0vegetarians into 4 &#8216;styles&#8217; &amp; she boldly called &#8216;veganism&#8217;,\u00a0<strong>&#8216;The First Style<\/strong>.\u00a0(3)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_no_tea_coffee_%E2%80%93_the_Horsells_were_teetotalers_active_prohibitionists_Remember_also_that_in_the_1850s_your_%E2%80%98China_tea_%E2%80%98Jamaica_coffee_was_very_likely_to_be_adulterated_unless_you_were_very_well_connected_very_wealthy_A_relatively_small_amount_of_Assam_tea_was_already_available_in_London_Tea_had_just_began_to_be_planted_in_Darjeeling_but_the_bushes_were_still_too_young_to_be_%E2%80%98picked\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Why no tea &amp; coffee?<\/span> &#8211; the Horsells were teetotalers &amp; active prohibitionists. Remember also that in the 1850s your &#8216;China&#8217; tea &amp; &#8216;Jamaica&#8217; coffee was very likely to be adulterated, unless you were very well connected &amp; very wealthy. A relatively small amount of Assam tea was already available in London. Tea had just began to be planted in Darjeeling, but the bushes were still too young to be &#8216;picked&#8217;.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Once British colonial tea was firmly established by the 1880s, perceived to be a strong beverage unadulterated and unsullied, Indian and Ceylonese tea could be seen as the \u201cpatriotic\u201d drink of the hygienically minded Briton: \u201cWhile China tea was still grossly adulterated, grown and manufactured by primitive hand methods, Indian was produced on large, highly capitalised estates, using all the modern apparatus of science, technology and research. The Victorian mind was greatly reassured by the knowledge that its Indian tea was \u2018untouched by human hand\u2019\u201d <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8211; much more <a href=\"http:\/\/www.branchcollective.org\/?ps_articles=judith-l-fisher-tea-and-food-adulteration-1834-75\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external nofollow\">here<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flours_baked_breads_were_also_horribly_adulterated_The_Horsells_sold_hand_grinding_mills_so_that_their_customers_could_grind_their_own_wheat_flour_pea_flour_other_flours\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Flours &amp; baked breads<\/span> were also horribly adulterated. The Horsells sold hand grinding mills, so that their customers could grind their own wheat flour, pea flour &amp; other flours.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cocoa_was_the_preferred_drink_of_the_vegetarians_and_the_teetotalers_William_Horsell_worked_with_the_Quaker_Cadbury_family_promoting_their_%E2%80%98pure_cocoa_powders_The_Cadburys_were_also_important_supporters_of_the_%E2%80%98Animals_Friend_Society_which_Ernest_Bell_later_revived\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cocoa<\/span>\u00a0was the preferred drink of the vegetarians and the teetotalers. William Horsell worked with the Quaker Cadbury family promoting their &#8216;pure cocoa powders&#8217;. The Cadburys were also important supporters of the &#8216;Animals&#8217; Friend Society&#8217;, which Ernest Bell later revived.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_vegetarians_humanitarians_teetotalers_etc_of_this_era_were_superb_net-workers\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The vegetarians, humanitarians, teetotalers etc. of this era were superb net-workers.<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6the_%E2%80%98stuff_of_many_of_our_future_articles\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8230;&#8230;.the &#8216;stuff&#8217; of many of our future articles.<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_our_Ernest_Bell_Library_we_are_fortunate_to_have_an_original_bound_volume_of_Elizabeth_and_William_Horsells_monthly_magazine_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In our Ernest Bell Library, we are fortunate to have an original bound volume of Elizabeth and William Horsell&#8217;s monthly magazine: &#8211;<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Journal_of_Health\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em><strong>The Journal of Health <\/strong><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em><strong>&amp; <\/strong><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phrenological_Magazine\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em><strong>Phrenological Magazine. <\/strong><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vol_V\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em><strong>Vol. V.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Covering_the_period_%E2%80%93_Sept_1855_to_August_1856\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em><strong>Covering the period &#8211; Sept 1855 to August 1856.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_only_other_catalogued_surviving_copies_which_we_can_locate_are_held_in_the_British_Library\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The only other catalogued surviving copies, which we can locate, are held in the British Library.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"There_are_12_monthly_issues_The_magazines_were_edited_by_another_vegan_Frederic_Towgood_Jabez_Inwards_also_a_vegan_was_another_close_collaborator_the_above_photograph_of_William_Horsell_came_from_the_collection_of_his_son_Richard_Inwards\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are 12 monthly issues.\u00a0The magazines were edited by another vegan, Frederic Towgood.\u00a0Jabez Inwards, also a vegan, was another close collaborator; the above photograph of William Horsell came from the collection of his son, Richard Inwards.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Below_this_transcribed_is_my_one_of_my_favorite_pieces_in_the_magazines_I_have_emailed_it_to_many_friends_this_is_the_first_time_that_it_has_appeared_on_the_Internet\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Below this, transcribed, \u00a0is my one of my favorite pieces in the magazines.\u00a0I have emailed it to many friends, this is the first time that it has appeared on the Internet!<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_original_font_is_tiny_the_layout_is_2_narrow_columns_per_page_I_have_presented_it_as_separate_lines_of_text_this_is_because_the_original_paragraph_breaks_are_somewhat_unclear_I_have_also_added_some_other_notes_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6as_is_my_habit\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The original font is tiny &amp; the layout is 2 narrow columns per page. \u00a0I have presented it as separate lines of text, this is because the original paragraph breaks are somewhat unclear.\u00a0I have also added some other notes &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;as is my habit.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Setting_the_scene\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>Setting the scene<\/strong> <\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6please_picture_a_room_full_of_%E2%80%93_whole_people_meeting_together_to_exchange_stories_each_month_with_a_table_covered_in_vegan_snacks_drinks_on_a_Thursday_afternoon_in_1856\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8230;&#8230;please picture a room full of &#8211; <em>whole<\/em> people, meeting together to exchange stories each month, with a table covered in vegan snacks &amp; drinks, on a Thursday afternoon in 1856.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"All_in_a_time_before_cars_when_bicycles_were_%E2%80%98high-wheelers_or_%E2%80%98penny-farthings_when_flight_was_possible_only_in_hot_air_balloons_when_railways_had_not_yet_penetrated_the_City_of_London_or_the_West_End_and_when_most_people_would_have_arrived_at_the_meeting_on_foot_or_in_horse_drawn_carriages\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All in a time before cars, when bicycles were &#8216;high-wheelers&#8217; or &#8216;penny-farthings, when flight was possible only in hot air balloons, when railways had not yet penetrated the City of London or the West End, and when most people would have arrived at the meeting on foot or in horse drawn carriages.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_room_would_have_been_lit_by_gas_lamps_or_by_oil_lamps_It_was_25_years_later_in_1881_that_the_Savoy_Theatre_in_London_was_the_first_public_building_in_the_world_to_be_lit_entirely_by_electricity\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The room would have been lit by gas lamps or by oil lamps.\u00a0It was 25 years later, in 1881, that the Savoy Theatre in\u00a0London was the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Horsells_monthly_vegan_meetings_had_become_popular_had_outgrown_the_space_at_the_%E2%80%98Vegetarian_Depot_at_492_Oxford_Street\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Horsells&#8217; monthly vegan meetings had become popular &amp; had outgrown the space at the \u00a0&#8216;Vegetarian Dep\u00f4t&#8217; at 492, Oxford Street.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Remember_also_that_in_1856_there_were_still_no_vegetarian_restaurants_in_London_Thomas_Low_Nichols_opened_the_first_one_in_1879_%E2%80%98The_Alpha_also_located_in_Londons_Oxford_Street_In_future_posts_we_will_share_copies_of_some_of_the_first_reviews_the_menu_cards_of_%E2%80%98The_Alpha\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Remember also that, in 1856 there were still no vegetarian restaurants in London. Thomas Low Nichols opened the first one in 1879, &#8216;The Alpha&#8217;, also located in London&#8217;s Oxford Street. (In future posts we will share copies of some of the first reviews &amp; the menu cards of \u00a0&#8216;The Alpha&#8217;.)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_this_part_of_the_meeting_one_Mr_Groves_first_name_not_yet_rediscovered_very_graphically_discusses_his_meetings_with_the_London_vegans_his_decision_to_help_his_whole_family_to_become_fully_vegan\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this part of the meeting one <strong>Mr. Groves<\/strong> (first name not yet rediscovered) very graphically discusses his meetings with the London vegans &amp; <strong>his decision to help his whole family to become fully vegan<\/strong>.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Report_of_the_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98Vegan_Meet-up_%E2%80%93_Thursday_April_3_1856\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>Report of the &#8211; &#8216;Vegan Meet-up&#8217; &#8211; Thursday April 3, 1856.<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Journal_of_Health_Phrenological_Magazine_%E2%80%93_No_9_Vol_5_Issue_for_May_1856_%E2%80%93_excerpt_from_pages_213_214\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: verdana, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>The Journal of Health &amp; Phrenological Magazine &#8211; No. 9. Vol 5.<\/strong> <\/span>Issue for May 1856<\/em> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8211; excerpt from pages 213 &amp; 214.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DIETETIC_REFORM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><b style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">DIETETIC REFORM<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_London_Vegetarian_Association_held_their_usual_monthly_soiree_at_the_National_Hall_Holborn_on_Thursday_April_3rd\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">The London Vegetarian Association held their usual monthly\u00a0<i>soir\u00e9e<\/i><i>\u00a0<\/i>at the National Hall, Holborn, on Thursday April 3rd.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mr_GROVES_related_his_own_experience\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Mr. GROVES related his own experience.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_had_tried_the_old_system_and_he_knew_from_experience_what_vegetarianism_was_my_note_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98the_old_system_the_flesh_diet\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He had tried the old system, and he knew from experience what vegetarianism was. \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0(my note\u00a0&#8211; &#8216;the\u00a0old system&#8217; = the flesh diet)\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_was_an_old_teetotaler\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He was an old teetotaler.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"At_first_he_had_been_induced_to_try_vegetarianism_for_three_months_and_during_that_time_refrained_from_the_use_of_dead_flesh_but_he_found_he_had_a_family_growing_up_around_him_and_he_considered_that_it_was_his_duty_to_take_care_of_his_means_as_well_as_his_health_my_note_%E2%80%93_here_%E2%80%93_%E2%80%98means_money_financial_resources\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">At first he had been induced to try vegetarianism for three months, and\u00a0during that time refrained from the use of dead flesh; but he found he had a family growing up around him, and he considered that it was his duty to take care of his means as well as his health.<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #cc99ff;\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">(my note &#8211; here &#8211; &#8216;means&#8217; = money, financial resources.)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_called_at_the_Vegetarian_Depot_at_492_Oxford-street_where_he_received_some_good_instructions_among_others_that_it_was_not_enough_that_he_should_give_up_the_use_of_flesh_he_should_become_a_whole_and_not_a_half_man_and_give_up_the_use_of_tea_coffee_cheese_eggs_and_milk_my_note_%E2%80%93_the_%E2%80%98Vegetarian_Depot_was_a_project_of_William_Horsell_Frederic_Towgood_other_friends_%E2%80%98whole_man_%E2%80%98whole_person_full_vegetarian_%E2%80%93_vegan\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He called at the Vegetarian Depot, at 492, Oxford-street, where he received\u00a0some good instructions; among others, that it was not enough that he should\u00a0give up the use of flesh, he should become a\u00a0<i>whole<\/i>, and not a\u00a0<i>half<\/i>\u00a0man, and\u00a0give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. <\/span><span style=\"color: #cc99ff;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(my note &#8211; the &#8216;Vegetarian Dep\u00f4t&#8217; was a project of William Horsell, Frederic Towgood &amp; other friends. &#8216;whole\u00a0man&#8217; \/ &#8216;whole person&#8217;\u00a0= full vegetarian &#8211; vegan)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_resolved_to_do_so\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He resolved to do so.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"At_first_his_family_felt_some_little_inconvenience_in_entirely_giving_up_milk_but_they_got_out_of_it_gradually\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">At first his family felt some little inconvenience in entirely giving up milk, but\u00a0they got out of it gradually.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_had_also_given_over_shaving_and_had_let_his_beard_grow_my_note_%E2%80%93_William_Horsell_was_most_definitely_a_%E2%80%98beard_man_%E2%80%93_see_photo_at_the_top_of_this_post\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He had also given over shaving, and had let his beard grow. <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(my note &#8211;\u00a0William Horsell was most definitely a &#8216;beard man&#8217; &#8211; see photo at the top of this post.)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_had_likewise_abandoned_the_use_of_tobacco_and_snuff\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He had likewise abandoned the use of tobacco and snuff.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_a_youth_he_was_troubled_with_a_pain_in_his_side_and_he_had_actually_been_whipped_to_smoke_but_he_did_not_long_require_whipping_he_also_took_snuff_my_note_%E2%80%93_tobacco_was_considered_by_some_to_be_medicinal_%E2%80%93_this_started_to_change_after_the_isolation_of_nicotine_from_tobacco_leaves_in_1828_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6imagine_parents_%E2%80%98whipping_their_children_to_force_them_to_smoke\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">When a youth he was troubled with a pain in his side, and he had actually been whipped to smoke; but he did not long require whipping: he also took snuff.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">(my note &#8211; tobacco was considered by some to be medicinal &#8211; this started to change after\u00a0the isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves in 1828. &#8230;&#8230;imagine parents &#8216;whipping&#8217; their children to force them to smoke!)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Now_he_had_entirely_given_up_everything_of_the_kind\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Now he had entirely given up everything of the kind.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_now_enjoyed_his_cold_bath_and_with_his_bread_and_apples_toast_and_filtered_water_and_plenty_of_jams_and_other_good_things_prepared_from_the_corns_and_fruits_always_enjoyed_comfortable_meals_and_now_at_45_as_a_vegetarian_he_enjoyed_as_good_health_and_mental_vigour_as_he_did_at_21\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He now enjoyed his cold bath; and with his bread and apples, toast and filtered water, and plenty of jams and other good things, prepared from the corns and fruits, always enjoyed comfortable meals; and now at 45, as a vegetarian, he enjoyed as good health and mental vigour as he did at 21.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_could_walk_twenty_to_thirty_miles_a_day_with_the_greatest_ease_and_during_the_time_he_had_been_a_vegetarian_he_had_enjoyed_himself_better_than_at_any_former_period_of_his_life\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He could walk twenty to thirty miles a day with the greatest ease; and during the time he had been a vegetarian, he had enjoyed himself better than at any former period of his life.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_his_own_experience_he_could_speak_of_the_vegetarian_system_in_the_highest_terms_he_was_deeply_grateful_to_the_vegetarians_of_London_and_spoke_in_high_terms_of_their_untiring_energy_and_self-denial\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">From his own experience he could speak of the vegetarian system in the highest terms: he was deeply grateful to the vegetarians of London, and spoke in high terms of their untiring energy and self-denial.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"He_cordially_recommended_the_system_to_all_who_had_not_tried_it_and_in_conclusion_recommended_brown_bread_as_being_much_preferable_to_white\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">He cordially recommended the system to all who had not tried it; and, in conclusion, recommended brown bread as being much preferable to white.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-3\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_The_original_pages_%E2%80%93_click_to_enlarge_them\"><\/span><strong>\u00a0The original pages &#8211; click to enlarge them<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_1.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5872 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_1-300x144.jpg\" alt=\"P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_1\" width=\"300\" height=\"144\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<table border=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_2.jpg\" style=\"font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5873 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_2-180x300.jpg\" alt=\"P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_2\" width=\"180\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-5874\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3-183x300.jpg\" alt=\"P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3\" width=\"183\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3-768x1256.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3-626x1024.jpg 626w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_3.jpg 1392w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 183px) 100vw, 183px\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5875 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4-263x300.jpg\" alt=\"P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4\" width=\"263\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4-263x300.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4-768x876.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4-898x1024.jpg 898w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/P.211-P.214-ocr_Page_4.jpg 1371w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-4\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_This_is_the_cover_of_Elizabeth_William_Horsells_July_1856_catalogue_of_vegetarian_animal_rights_other_books_Copies_of_the_full_catalogue_will_be_emailed_to_anyone_who_requests_one_The_pdf_file_size_is_approx_10_MB\"><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>This is the cover of Elizabeth &amp; William Horsell&#8217;s July 1856 catalogue of vegetarian, animal rights &amp; other books. Copies of the full catalogue will be emailed to anyone who requests one. The .pdf file size is approx. 10 MB.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/1856Book-Catalogue_Page_01.jpg\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5864 aligncenter\" title=\"The cover of Elizabeth &amp; William Horsell's July 1856 catalogue of vegetarian &amp; other books \" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/1856Book-Catalogue_Page_01-647x1024.jpg\" alt=\"1856Book Catalogue_Page_01\" width=\"550\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/1856Book-Catalogue_Page_01-647x1024.jpg 647w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/1856Book-Catalogue_Page_01-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/1856Book-Catalogue_Page_01-768x1215.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/1856Book-Catalogue_Page_01.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-5\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Notes\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Notes <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><strong>1)<\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0Photograph of William Horsell, by Maull &amp; Polyblank, London, c.1857 &#8211; The Museum of the History of Science has the original &#8211; see here\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhs.ox.ac.uk\/collections\/search\/displayrecord\/?mode=displaymixed&amp;module=ecatalogue&amp;invnumber=17477&amp;irn=936&amp;query=\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external nofollow\">http:\/\/www.mhs.ox.ac.uk\/collections\/ search\/displayrecord\/? <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhs.ox.ac.uk\/collections\/search\/displayrecord\/?mode=displaymixed&amp;module=ecatalogue&amp;invnumber=17477&amp;irn=936&amp;query=\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external nofollow\">mode=displaymixed&amp;module=ecatalogue&amp; invnumber=17477&amp;irn=936&amp;query=<\/a><\/h4>\n<h4><strong>2)<\/strong>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcott_House\"  rel=\"external nofollow\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcott_House<\/a><\/h4>\n<h4><strong>3)<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; To learn a great deal more about the early London &#8216;vegans&#8217; see John Davis&#8217; very excellent .pdf file: &#8211;\u00a0<em>World Veganism \u2013 past, present, and future<\/em>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ivu.org\/history\/Vegan_History.pdf\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external nofollow\">http:\/\/www.ivu.org\/history\/Vegan_History.pdf\u00a0<\/a>&#8211; here.<\/h4>\n<div>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Our_Projects\"><\/span>Our Projects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.henrysalt.co.uk\/info\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\" title=\"The Henry S. Salt Archive is run and maintained by the site editors on the behalf of its patrons. However, we welcome and encourage anyone interested in the project to contribute.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Henry Salt Archive<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/span> is one of our, almost completed, projects.<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/reviews\/the-humanitarian-league-kowloon-39395\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\" title=\"Operating in Hong Kong alongside 'The Ernest Bell Memorial Library.' Republishing classic humanitarian books &amp; pamphlets. The Humanitarian League has been established to enforce the principle that it is iniquitous to inflict avoidable suffering on any sentient being. \"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Humanitarian League<\/a><\/strong><\/em> <\/span>is our Hong Kong registered charity.<\/h4>\n<h4><strong><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/remembering-vegetarian-pioneers-henry-s-salt-ernest-bell\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\" title=\"&quot;I have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library, which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature, and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.&quot; - Henry S. Salt\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Ernest Bell Library<\/a><\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>was conceived in 1934. It is still strong &amp; very active eighty years later \u2013\u00a0\u00a0its primary objectives are to: \u2013<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Collect_all_of_Ernest_Bells_book_non-book_works_and_make_them_easily_accessible_to_everyone\"><\/span>Collect all of Ernest Bell\u2019s book &amp; non-book works and make them easily accessible to everyone.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Collect_the_literature_of_vegetarianism_and_all_the_other_humanitarian_movements_in_which_Ernest_Bell_was_so_deeply_involved\"><\/span>Collect the literature of vegetarianism and all the other humanitarian movements in which Ernest Bell was so deeply involved.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Assist_students_and_scholars_in_their_research\"><\/span>Assist students and scholars in their research.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduce_all_aspects_of_Ernest_Bells_life_including_his_writings_campaign_work_influences_and_his_circle_of_friends\"><\/span>Introduce all aspects of Ernest Bell\u2019s life, including his writings, campaign work, influences and his circle of friends.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Undertake_our_own_research_into_missing_aspects_of_Ernest_Bells_life_and_work\"><\/span>Undertake our own research into missing aspects of Ernest Bell\u2019s life and work.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"We_already_have_more_than_300_pieces_of_Ernest_Bells_own_writings\"><\/span>We already have more than 300 pieces of Ernest Bell\u2019s own writings.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"We_are_also_actively_building_a_collection_of_examples_of_promotional_material_campaign_material_fundraising_marketing_activities_etc_%E2%80%93_related_to_%E2%80%93\"><\/span>We are also actively building a collection of examples of promotional material, campaign material, fundraising &amp; marketing activities etc. \u2013 related to: \u2013<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vegetarian_products\"><\/span>veg(etari)an products.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vegetarian_books_other_publications\"><\/span>veg(etari)an books &amp; other publications.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vegetarian_organisations\"><\/span>veg(etari)an\u00a0organisations.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vegetarian_businesses\"><\/span>veg(etari)an businesses.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"animal_rights_organisations\"><\/span>animal rights organisations.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"animal_rights_publications\"><\/span>animal rights publications.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"humanitarian_organisations\"><\/span>humanitarian organisations.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"humanitarian_publications\"><\/span>humanitarian publications.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"rambling_clubs_run_by_members_of_the_above_groups_related_publications\"><\/span>rambling clubs run by members of the above groups &amp; related publications.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the_work_of_Richard_St_Barbe_Baker_the_%E2%80%98Men_of_the_Trees_organization_its_many_sub-branches\"><\/span>the work of Richard St. Barbe Baker &amp; the \u2018Men of the Trees\u2019 organization &amp; its many sub-branches.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"There_are_currently_more_than_3000_items_in_the_Ernest_Bell_Library\"><\/span>There are currently more than 3,000 items in the Ernest Bell Library.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"We_will_complete_the_cataloging_of_the_collection_as_when_adequate_funds_are_available\"><\/span>We will complete the\u00a0cataloging of the collection as &amp; when adequate funds are available.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"It_is_long_past_time_for_the_library_to_go_online\"><\/span>It is long past time for the library to go online!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%E2%80%9CI_have_little_doubt_that_the_proposal_for_the_establishment_of_an_Ernest_Bell_Library_which_would_specialize_in_humanitarian_and_progressive_literature_and_so_form_a_sort_of_centre_for_students_will_meet_with_a_wide_response%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>a<\/strong><strong>nd so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Henry S. Salt \u2013 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/remembering-vegetarian-pioneers-henry-s-salt-ernest-bell\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\" title=\"Sir, From the letters that have reached us, I have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library, which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature, and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response. I would now suggest that it would be a most helpful step if individuals who favour this idea would lend their names to strengthen the appeal that will have to be made to some Public Institution for the use of a room, and if Societies and Journals would also express their agreement. Such a Memorial would be so personally suitable, in view of Mr. Bell\u2019s many and long continued services, and so valuable to the cause of humane progress in general, that it is difficult to see how any objection could be made to it: the sole question is whether the initial difficulties can be overcome. I trust all friends of the humanitarian cause will lend their aid. HENRY S. SALT\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">writing<\/a> <\/span>in September 1934<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94-7\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_anyone_would_like_more_information_please_send_an_email_to_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><strong>If anyone would like more information, please send an email to:\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"humanitarianleague_at_outlook_dot_com\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\">humanitarianleague<\/span> (at) <span style=\"color: #800080;\">outlook<\/span> (dot) <span style=\"color: #800080;\">com<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%93_or_message_me_through_HappyCow_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><strong>&#8211; or message me \u00a0through<span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u00a0HappyCow<\/span>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"https_wwwhappycownetblogauthorJohnnySensible_%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94\"><\/span><strong><a title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/<br \/>\n<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/TweetThis.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10408 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/TweetThis.jpg\" alt=\"TweetThis\" width=\"577\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/TweetThis.jpg 577w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/TweetThis-300x69.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_you_are_a_Tweeter_please_consider_sending_this_post_out_to_your_friends\"><\/span><strong>If you are a Tweeter, please consider sending this post out to your friends.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Note &#8211; I use the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in my historical ramblings to refer to folks who ate only plants &#8211; but please remember that the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself was not used until 88+ years ago &#8211; in 1944. Pioneer Vegan William Horsell, London, c.1857 (1) Vegan London We are a part of an old tradition! There were actually vegan &#8216;meet-ups&#8217; &amp; &#8216;pot-lucks&#8217; being held in London 150+ years ago.\u00a0We are fortunate to have original records of some of them in the Ernest Bell Library. London&#8217;s first vegan residential community &#8211; &#8216;The Concordium&#8217; &#8211; ran from around 1838 to 1848.\u00a0The Concordium&#8217;s \u00a0goal was to produce &#8211; &#8220;integral men &amp; women&#8221; &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;&#8221;whole men &amp; women&#8221;. (2) In the late 1840s &amp; the 1850s,\u00a0vegan pioneers Elizabeth and William Horsell, actively leafleted London &amp; farther afield, broadcasting the clear message that: &#8211; ~ &#8230;.it was not enough that one should give up the use of flesh, one should become a whole, and not a half\u00a0 person, and give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. ~ Discord &#8211; Elizabeth and William Horsell\u00a0met with strong opposition from the wealthy milk, egg &amp; honey addicts of the Manchester based &#8216;Vegetarian Society&#8217;, which [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9728,"featured_media":5856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,2274,2275],"tags":[1142,1143,1145,1146,847,16,205,1144],"class_list":["post-5855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","category-vegan-history","category-vegetarian-history","tag-horsell","tag-london-vegans","tag-london-vegetarian-association","tag-vegan-meet-up","tag-vegan-recipe","tag-veganism","tag-vegetarian","tag-william-horsell"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>London Vegans 1856 - Elizabeth And William Horsell - HappyCow<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"London Vegans 1856 - Elizabeth And William Horsell - HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Note &#8211; I use the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in my historical ramblings to refer to folks who ate only plants &#8211; but please remember that the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself was not used until 88+ years ago &#8211; in 1944. Pioneer Vegan William Horsell, London, c.1857 (1) Vegan London We are a part of an old tradition! There were actually vegan &#8216;meet-ups&#8217; &amp; &#8216;pot-lucks&#8217; being held in London 150+ years ago.\u00a0We are fortunate to have original records of some of them in the Ernest Bell Library. London&#8217;s first vegan residential community &#8211; &#8216;The Concordium&#8217; &#8211; ran from around 1838 to 1848.\u00a0The Concordium&#8217;s \u00a0goal was to produce &#8211; &#8220;integral men &amp; women&#8221; &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;&#8221;whole men &amp; women&#8221;. (2) In the late 1840s &amp; the 1850s,\u00a0vegan pioneers Elizabeth and William Horsell, actively leafleted London &amp; farther afield, broadcasting the clear message that: &#8211; ~ &#8230;.it was not enough that one should give up the use of flesh, one should become a whole, and not a half\u00a0 person, and give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. ~ Discord &#8211; Elizabeth and William Horsell\u00a0met with strong opposition from the wealthy milk, egg &amp; honey addicts of the Manchester based &#8216;Vegetarian Society&#8217;, which [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-11-01T08:08:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-11-13T00:59:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Horsell.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"535\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"735\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"John Edmundson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@happycow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@happycow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"John Edmundson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"John Edmundson\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/82520fa57a466fbf415c30cbffffec7a\"},\"headline\":\"London Vegans 1856 &#8211; 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Henry S. Salt Archive - researcher &amp; fundraiser. The Humanitarian League - researcher &amp; fundraiser. The Ernest Bell Library - archive manager. Collecting &amp; republishing historical material of vegetarianism and other humanitarian movements. Running the 'Hum-an-imal Badge Co.'.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/members\/profile\/JohnnySensible\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/johnnysensible\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"London Vegans 1856 - Elizabeth And William Horsell - HappyCow","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"London Vegans 1856 - Elizabeth And William Horsell - HappyCow","og_description":"Note &#8211; I use the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in my historical ramblings to refer to folks who ate only plants &#8211; but please remember that the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself was not used until 88+ years ago &#8211; in 1944. Pioneer Vegan William Horsell, London, c.1857 (1) Vegan London We are a part of an old tradition! There were actually vegan &#8216;meet-ups&#8217; &amp; &#8216;pot-lucks&#8217; being held in London 150+ years ago.\u00a0We are fortunate to have original records of some of them in the Ernest Bell Library. London&#8217;s first vegan residential community &#8211; &#8216;The Concordium&#8217; &#8211; ran from around 1838 to 1848.\u00a0The Concordium&#8217;s \u00a0goal was to produce &#8211; &#8220;integral men &amp; women&#8221; &#8211; &#8230;&#8230;&#8221;whole men &amp; women&#8221;. (2) In the late 1840s &amp; the 1850s,\u00a0vegan pioneers Elizabeth and William Horsell, actively leafleted London &amp; farther afield, broadcasting the clear message that: &#8211; ~ &#8230;.it was not enough that one should give up the use of flesh, one should become a whole, and not a half\u00a0 person, and give up the use of tea, coffee, cheese, eggs, and milk. ~ Discord &#8211; Elizabeth and William Horsell\u00a0met with strong opposition from the wealthy milk, egg &amp; honey addicts of the Manchester based &#8216;Vegetarian Society&#8217;, which [&hellip;]","og_url":"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/","og_site_name":"HappyCow","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HappyCow","article_published_time":"2013-11-01T08:08:34+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-11-13T00:59:00+00:00","og_image":[{"width":535,"height":735,"url":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Horsell.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"John Edmundson","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@happycow","twitter_site":"@happycow","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"John Edmundson","Est. reading time":"10 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/london-vegans-meeting-in-1856-elizabeth-and-william-horsell-plus-many-of-their-friends\/"},"author":{"name":"John Edmundson","@id":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/82520fa57a466fbf415c30cbffffec7a"},"headline":"London Vegans 1856 &#8211; 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