{"id":15319,"date":"2016-02-19T13:03:43","date_gmt":"2016-02-19T21:03:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/?p=15319"},"modified":"2016-11-10T01:40:54","modified_gmt":"2016-11-10T09:40:54","slug":"1834-vegan-enthusiasm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/","title":{"rendered":"1834 Vegan Enthusiasm In Portland Maine"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

For the benefit of 2016 vegans \u2013 here<\/span><\/a> – are HappyCow\u2019s Maine listings<\/h2>\n

In our Ernest Bell Library<\/a><\/span>, we have an original handwritten letter from 1834, identifying one early ‘close to vegan’ Portland\u00a0 resident \u2013 Reverend Henry Aiken Worcester, a Swedenborgian minister \u2013 and one ‘vegan’ visitor \u2013 Dr. Sylvester Graham.<\/h4>\n

<\/span>The letter tells us that Portland was quite a \u2018vegan paradise\u2019 in the 1830s.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>I use ‘vegan’ with inverted commas because in 1834 we are 110 years away from the founding of The Vegan Society.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Words and phrases which we are unsure of, or which are illegible, are in red<\/span>. The grammar and punctuation have been worked on just a little.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>The Worcester family\u00a0is excellently documented. We can confidently identify everyone mentioned in the letter \u2013 details below.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Over to Henry –<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>~ \u2026\u2026 But I tell you that the physicians, all but one quack, of Portland, a very scientific class of men, have attended the course, and I believe all, to a man, acknowledge the correctness of Graham\u2019s principles.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>The change that it is making in this city you can hardly conceive of \u2013 for a very large portion of the inhabitants have adopted his mode of diet and manner of living. ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

The inhabitants of Maine have quite a history of \u2018sensible\u2019 decisions. In 1851, Maine led the nation by passing the first state law prohibiting the sale of alcohol except for “medicinal, mechanical or manufacturing purposes.” The law subsequently became known as the Maine law<\/a><\/span>, as 18 states quickly followed. –<\/h4>\n

<\/span>In the letter, Henry Aiken Worcester is explaining to two of his unhealthy sisters, a brother-in-law, a niece & other family members, about his own decision to adopt ‘veganism’.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>~ I have been attending a course of Lectures on –\u00a0Diet –\u00a0Health –\u00a0Longevity etc. given by Dr. Graham of New York, who has rendered himself somewhat remarkable for the course he has pursued. By profession, let me tell you, he is a Presbyterian minister, so I have no religious prejudices in favor of his religious observation, and you may perhaps give me more credit for what I shall say.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>But I confess myself a convert to his mode of life in theory and now in practice. ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Henry gives them comprehensive guidance.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>~ Now for the regimen.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>1st \u2013 Drink \u2013 cold water<\/u> \u2013 Nothing else \u2013 understand \u2013 tea and coffee from all sources etc. are swept off the board. Pure cold water forever!! <\/u>Try it three weeks with your food and you will want nothing else \u2013 you don\u2019t believe it but you will find it true.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>2nd \u2013 Food \u2013 No meat!!<\/u> Not of any sort! Nor fish \u2013 nor fat \u2013 nor cheese \u2013 nothing of the kind.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>But first good wheaten bread<\/u>, made of the wheat ground, but not bolted, in a corn mill, not sifted. You will not understand the reason, but it is so much more wholesome than flour as this, live upon it alone with water and you will enjoy perfect health, but live on flour bread alone and in about three month you will die!! Make it good \u2013 keep it sweet \u2013 but never eat it warm.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Second \u2013 Vegetables of all sorts \u2013 you may eat with it \u2013 give \u2013 beans \u2013 peas \u2013 (without meat) \u2013 potatoes \u2013 all garden vegetables \u2013 corn \u2013 etc. cooked as you like best, without meat or butter.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Third – put upon your table also fruit in all the varieties of the season, that is one sort at a time \u2013 Strawberries \u2013 Raspberries \u2013 Currants \u2013 Gooseberries \u2013 etc. \u2013 Plums \u2013 Apples \u2013 Pears \u2013 Peaches \u2013 etc. These are to be eaten remember with your meal, if at all. For you are never to disturb the stomach with anything between meals. Nothing at all.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Except for children \u2013 avoid milk<\/u> \u2013 use little<\/u> if any butter or cheese \u2013 better none.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Take your food regular \u2013 and never eat within three of four hours of bedtime.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>And last, avoid eating too much<\/u> \u2013 mind that!!<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>And sleep upon a straw bed or mattress of hair or herbs \u2013 (I have for several summers not slept upon feathers, and never wish to again). ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>board = table<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>wheaten bread = coarse 100% wholemeal bread<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>flour bread = white bread<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>bolted = sifted \/ sieved = the bran removed<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>He asks them not to embrace ‘veganism’ half-heartedly & he also remembers to warn them against using tobacco.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>~ \u2026\u2026 don\u2019t go to tampering\u00a0and qualifying what I have said \u2013 and try one part and leave out the rest, and then give it up as good for nothing!! But go for the whole. And you will be well.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Have I left out tobacco? If so that is beside of room!! in all forms chewing \u2013 smoking \u2013 snuff \u2013 it is no better. ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>beside of room = due to lack of area to write about it<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Regrettably Henry only lived another 8 years, his second child was born posthumously.<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>…….<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>More on Sylvester Graham & his \u2018Grahamite\u2019 followers: \u2013<\/span><\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    Proselytizing in New York & Boston \u2013 also in the 1830s \u2013 here<\/span><\/a>.<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n

    Founding the first \u2018American Vegetarian Society\u2019 in 1850 \u2013 here<\/span><\/a>.<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n

    Influencing folk in London, UK in the 1850s \u2013 here<\/span><\/a>.<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n

    Influencing Russell Thacher Trall & others in the 1850s \u2013 here<\/span><\/a>.<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n

    Graham\u2019s follower Mary Gove Nichols, & her husband Thomas Low Nichols, helping our Ernest Bell to become a plant eater \u2013 here<\/span><\/a>.<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n

    Henry S. Salt appreciating Graham – here<\/span><\/a>……..<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/span>The personalities mentioned in the 1834 letter<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

    Dr. Sylvester Graham<\/span> in Portland, Maine – more – here<\/span><\/a>.<\/h4>\n

    <\/span>~ While they gained adherents, Graham and his followers also attracted a good deal of ridicule and sometimes violent opposition. Since Graham\u2019s system included a pointed an attack on the commercialization of food, it is not surprising that commercial food producers were among his most vociferous opponents. On more than one occasion, Boston butchers and bakers stormed Graham\u2019s lectures. An irate mob in Portland, Maine, also prevented Graham from speaking about sexuality to mixed audiences. In response, Graham\u2019s disciple Mary Gove Nichols began delivering lectures on diet reform to female audiences in Graham\u2019s place. ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    This remarkable website – http:\/\/www.worcesterfamily.com\/<\/a><\/span> – is our main source of information \u2013 the VII-\u2026.<\/strong> numbers refer to the coding on that site.<\/h4>\n

    <\/span>7 family members<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

    <\/span>1)<\/strong> brother Henry A. Worcester \u2013 our letter writer.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>VII-98 Henry Aiken Worcester <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Birth: Sep. 25, 1802 Hollis, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, USA<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Death: May 24, 1841 Portland, Cumberland County, Maine, USA<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>~ Rev Henry Aiken Worcester ~ age 38<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>An obituary notice says of him: “Mr. Worcester’s amiable, frank and social qualities gained him many warm friends, and his character and acquirements were such as to ensure to him universal esteem.”<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Religion: Swedenborgian, New Jerusalem Church, Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, USA: Membership: 7 Oct 1832, Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, USA<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>He graduated at Yale College in 1828; studied theology at New Haven, Conn; New Jerusalem Minister (1840): preached some time in Abington, Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA, Bath, Sagadahoc, Maine, USA, Gardiner, Kennebec, Maine, USA & Portland, Cumberland, Maine, USA, to Swedenborgian churches.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Authored, \u201cSermons on doctrinal subjects\u201d (1837), “The Sabbath” (1840)<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Married (26 August 1838, Gardiner, Kennebec, Maine, USA): Olive Gay (Birth: 30 Dec 1804, Gardiner, Kennebec, Maine, USA – Death: 29 Apr 1881, Gardiner, Kennebec, Maine, USA) d\/o Rufus Gay & Mary Marble<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Died: 24 May 1841, Portland, Cumberland, Maine, USA<\/span><\/h4>\n

    http:\/\/www.findagrave.com\/cgi-bin\/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=74494498<\/a> \u2013 Henry Aiken Worcester\u2019s grave.<\/h4>\n

    <\/span>2)<\/strong> sister Sarah is Henry\u2019s elder sister & is married to 3)<\/strong> Daniel French, the addressee<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>VII-89 Sarah Alice <\/strong>b Bedford, N.H., Mar 12, 1786, d Oct. 31, 1875; m Daniel French. Residence Hardwick, Vt. No children.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    http:\/\/boards.ancestry.com\/surnames.french\/2233\/mb.ashx<\/a><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Daniel French, who was born about 1784 in Charlestown, NH, joined the 11th U.S. Regiment at Hardwick, VT in 1812, lost his left leg at the seige of Ft. Erie in 1814, received a pension from the government……<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>4)<\/strong> sister Hannah is Henry\u2019s elder sister.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Hannah married to Francis Fuller, after he was widowed by the death of another Worcester sister, Martha. Hannah raised her late sister\u2019s two children.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>VII-92<\/strong> Hannah<\/strong>, b Bedford, N.H., June 22, 1792, d June 6, 1853; m Oct. 11, 1825, Francis Fuller. Residence Hardwick, Vt. No children.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>VII-95 Martha, b Hollis, Oct. 24, 1797,d Sept. 9, 1824; m Feb., 1819, Francis Fuller. Residence Hardwick, Vt.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Children of Martha Fuller<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>(a) Samuel Worcester Fuller, b Apr. 25, 1822, d Chicago, Oct. 23, 1873.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>(b) Martha Fuller<\/strong>, b Mar. 22, 1824, 1843. = 5)<\/strong> sister Fuller<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>6)<\/strong> brother Samuel in Norwalk – a younger brother of Henry\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>VII-<\/strong>99 SAMUEL THOMAS WORCESTER <\/strong>b Hollis, N.H., Aug. 30, 1804, d Nashua, NH, Dec. 6, 1882; m May 13, 1835, Mary F.C., dau Samuel Wales, Stoughton, Mass., b Apr. 2, 1802, d Apr. 22, 1874. Mrs. Worcester contributed much to the social and literary life of Norwalk and Nashua. He graduated at Harvard, 1830; studied law Hollis, N.H., Cambridge, Mass., and Norwalk, Oh. admitted to the bar Aug. 1835; practiced his profession in Norwalk, Oh. He was two years (1849-50) senator in the Ohio legislature. While holding the office of district judge for the 10th<\/sup> Ohio judicial district (northwest Ohio), he was elected a member of the U.S. Congress in 1861. In 1867, he removed to Nashua, N.H., where he resided until his decease. He published several spelling books and revised editions of Worcester’s Dictionaries. His monumental work was History of Hollis, N.H.,<\/em> published in 1879. He also published: 1831, Sequel to the Spelling Book<\/em>; 1833, American Primary Spelling Book<\/em>; 1872, Old and New, or the School Systems of Ohio and New Hampshire Compared<\/em>.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>7)<\/strong> David another younger brother of Henry\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>VII-101 DAVID WORCESTER <\/strong>b Hollis, N.H., Apr. 13, 1808, d May 9, 1893; m June 6, 1832, Ellen, dau of Joseph Sewall, Esq., of Farmington, Me., b Mar. 5, 1813, d at Grand Junction, Col., Sept. 5, 1895. He entered Harvard College in 1828; left in the junior year. He spent a large part of his life in teaching. He was Preceptor of the Academy in Farmington, Me., until Mar., 1833; then the Preceptor of the Academy in China, Me., until Dec., 1834; soon after, Principal of the High School in Bangor, Me., which office he held for twenty years, when in 1859 he engaged in private instruction in that city. In the sixties he returned to his native town and lived a few years there. From Hollis he went to Minerva township in 1869 and lived on a farm for seven years. He then removed to Albion, Ia., where he died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. A. A. Garver. He was an accomplished scholar, and used to spend some time each day in the latter part of his life in reading his favorite Latin and Greek authors. “His character was exceptionally noble and pure and he had the respect of all who knew him.”<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>The Letter in full \u2013 with some minimal tidying up of the punctuation \/ sentence structure<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

    \"Graham1a\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    <\/span>Capt. Daniel French (3)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Hardwick<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>V.T.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Postmark is a red Portland, Maine octagon with a bold 18 3\/4 cents manuscript rate mark. <\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \"Graham2a\"<\/a><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Portland June 30, 1834<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

     <\/p>\n

    <\/span>Dear Brother (3)<\/strong><\/span> and Sister (2)<\/strong><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>I shall address this letter to you, although I acknowledge myself a debtor to sister Hannah (4)<\/strong><\/span> only in the letter line. I have intended etc. to answer her letter before this, but, other things have taken my thoughts and time, but this you may make family property, so she <\/span>will hear from me. It is more especially intended for yourself sister Sarah, and Hannah \u2013 because invalids \u2013 though I believe all of my friends may be benefited by its contents.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>I will first say what I have to say on the subject on which I write, and then for other things, if I have room.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>I have been attending a course of Lectures on \u2013 Diet \u2013 Health \u2013 Longevity etc. given by Dr. Graham of New York, who has rendered himself somewhat remarkable for the course he has pursued. By profession, let me tell you, he is a Presbyterian minister, so I have no religious prejudices in favor of his religious observation, and you may perhaps give me more credit for what I shall say.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>But I confess myself a convert to his mode of life in theory and now in practice. And knowing what your habits of life have been, and the sickness, and feebleness to which you have been subject. I believe I am fully persuaded, that they are all to be found <\/span>to your diet and mode of life. That, if your constitutions are not farther gone, then I hope you can, all of you, be restored to perfect health \u2013 and vigor of body and mind.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>I mean all that I say<\/u>, and I have felt as though I could not discharge my duty to you, until I laid the subject before you as well as I could, and exhorted you to give it a fair trial.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \"Graham3a\"<\/a>Hundreds, if not hundreds very many of cases of nervous irritability, perhaps as bad as sister Fuller\u2019s (5)<\/span>, have been cured \u2013 and sick headache as bad as sister Sarah\u2019s, and constitutions feeble as you all possess have been restored to soundness and health. Now, say, will you give the subject a fair hearing \u2013 and try the experiment? Of course I can have no motive except to benefit you. And I wish for your good you would attend, all of you, to what I say. I cannot enter into a subject in a letter so as to show you the effect of different kind of food and drink upon the system. But I tell you that the physicians, all but one quack, of Portland, a very scientific class of men, have attended the course, and I believe all to a man acknowledge the correctness of Graham\u2019s principles.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>The change that it is making in this city you can hardly conceive of, for a very large portion of the inhabitants have adopted his mode of diet and manner of living.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Now for the regimen.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>1st \u2013 Drink \u2013 cold water<\/u> \u2013 Nothing else \u2013 understand \u2013 tea and coffee from all sources etc. are swept off the board. Pure cold water forever!! <\/u>Try it three weeks with your food and you will want nothing else \u2013 you don\u2019t believe it but you will find it true.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>2nd \u2013 Food \u2013 No meat!!<\/u> Not of any sort! Nor fish \u2013 nor fat \u2013 nor cheese \u2013 nothing of the kind.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>But first good wheaten bread<\/u>, made of the wheat ground, but not bolted, in a corn mill, not sifted. You will not understand the reason, but it is so much more wholesome than flour as this, live upon it alone with water and you will enjoy perfect health, but live on flour bread alone and in about three month you will die!! Make it good \u2013 keep it sweet \u2013 but never eat it warm.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Second \u2013 Vegetables of all sorts \u2013 you may eat with it \u2013 give \u2013 beans \u2013 peas \u2013 (without meat) \u2013 potatoes \u2013 all garden vegetables \u2013 corn \u2013 etc. cooked as you like best, without meat or butter.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \"Graham4a\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    <\/span>Third – put upon your table also fruit in all the varieties of the season, that is one sort at a time \u2013 Strawberries \u2013 Raspberries \u2013 Currants \u2013 Gooseberries \u2013 etc. \u2013 Plums \u2013 Apples \u2013 Pears \u2013 Peaches \u2013 etc. These are to be eaten remember with your meal, if at all. For you are never to disturb the stomach with anything between meals. Nothing at all.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Except for children \u2013 avoid milk<\/u> \u2013 use little<\/u> if any butter or cheese \u2013 better none.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Take your food regular \u2013 and never eat within three of four hours of bedtime.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>And last, avoid eating too much<\/u> \u2013 mind that!!<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>And sleep upon a straw bed or mattress of hair or herbs \u2013 (I have for several summers not slept upon feathers, and never wish to again).<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Now as you value your health \u2013 your happiness \u2013 a peaceful mind \u2013 cheerfulness \u2013 contentment \u2013 (and it is so intimately connected to all). I deem it not too serious to add your immortal welfare. I exhort you to try this mode of life \u2013 make a fair<\/span> trial,<\/span><\/span> and I believe, in three or four months time, you will<\/span> believe,<\/span><\/span> and will not need my exhortation to continue. Now, if you try it don\u2019t go\u00a0 tampering and\u00a0<\/span>qualifying<\/u> what I have said \u2013 and try one part<\/u> and leave out the rest<\/u>, and then give it up as good for nothing!! But go for the whole!<\/u> And you will be well.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Have I left out tobacco? If so that is beside of room!! in all forms chewing \u2013 smoking \u2013 snuff \u2013 it is no better.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>I have set you a hardship on – <\/span>but try it \u2013 try it well \u2013 and in three weeks time, you will say your food never tasted so good before. And if pleasure in eating (a low sort of pleasure of rational<\/span> mind) was the motive, this were a sufficient one for to change your habits of life.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \"Graham5a\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    <\/span>But health of body \u2013 of mind \u2013 cheerful and happy spirits \u2013 these are the great motives to urge you to adopt this course. Economy may be added, but this you will be likely to appreciate. The expense of a family \u2013 as far as food and the labor of it is concerned, will not be more than a third of what it is in the ordinary mode of life, to which I have been accustomed. You will not believe till you try it, the effects you will experience. I have adopted it myself, and, as far as my testimony is of weight, it goes to confirm all I have said – – – I have left a little corner for other things.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>I came here the first of May. Shall be here about two weeks longer \u2013 shall then go to Bath or Gardiner. I spent this year from May in this State. Shall perhaps settle here permanently. Should be glad to see you whenever convenient \u2013 intend to visit you as soon as I can, but not this year I think. Had a letter from br Samuel (6)<\/span> yesterday \u2013 he is well \u2013 at Norwalk, Ohio. \u2013 From David (7) recently <\/span><\/span><\/span>he is pretty well. I shall send the New Jerusalem Magazine to some of you next fall.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Your br Henry A. Worcester (1)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Vertical Text 1<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 This letter is common property. Of course it will be an expression of love to you all.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Vertical Text 2<\/strong> \u2013 Write me soon \u2013 I am much engaged and interested in my profession.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Bath & Gardiner are in Maine.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>New Jerusalem Magazine \u2013 was the journal of the Massachusetts Swedenborgian community.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>One of Henry A. Worcester\u2019s books \u2013 in our Ernest Bell Library<\/span><\/h2>\n

    \"LordsPrayer\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>An anti-tobacco fob from circa 1840 \u2013 in our Ernest Bell Library<\/span><\/h2>\n

    \"TobaccoF\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    \"TobaccoR\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    <\/span>Anti-Tobacco Temperance Token from circa the 1840’s. The Token is struck in Brass and features a young man, trampling \u00a0tobacco leaves, on the obverse – \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>~ I will never use tobacco, in any form. ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>and an Anti-Tobacco Rant on the reverse. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>~ Tobacco, tends to idleness, poverty, strong drink, vice, ill health, insanity & death. ~<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    During the Jacksonian era (1830-1860) the great awakening a crusade against “Demon rum” and other spirits ensued in states east of the Mississippi River and north of the\u00a0Mason\u2013Dixon line. <\/span><\/p>\n

    During this era a focus on exercise, non-use of tobacco, and the elimination of coffee, tea, sugar, meat and spice from a diet, called “Grahamism,” \u2013 named after reformer\u00a0Sylvester Graham\u00a0\u2013 was promoted. <\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/span>\u00a0The Token measures 24 mm.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Many of our vegan \u2018ancestors\u2019 were definitely \u2018edge-walkers\u2019.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>In our Library, we are fortunate to be taking care of many books, booklets, journals, pamphlets, letters & fun little ephemeral items which they created.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>It is fun to see how sensible \/ compassionate thought \u2018flowed\u2019 \u2013<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>\u2026\u2026Dr. William Lambe \u2013 influenced Sylvester Graham \u2013 who influenced Mary Gove Nichols & Thomas Low Nichols \u2013 who convinced our Ernest Bell to leave flesh meat\u2026\u2026.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>\u2026\u2026or Emmanuel Swedenborg \u2013 influenced William Cowherd \u2013 who influenced William Metcalfe – who influenced Sylvester Graham\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>They were all excellent communicators.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>An Appeal<\/span><\/h1>\n

    <\/span>Please consider helping us to build up the Ernest Bell Library.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Our history is rich.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>It is not yet very well documented.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>We freely share our items with museums, universities, libraries & scholars worldwide.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>We have a wonderful team of friends \/ supporters.<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>……we never have enough\u00a0$ – \u20ac – \u00a3 – \u00a5 – CHF – kr – \u20a9 – \ufdfc – Rp – etc.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>If anyone would like more information, please send an email to:\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>humanitarianleague<\/span> (at) outlook<\/span> (dot) com\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>\u2013 or message me \u00a0through\u00a0HappyCow\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/members\/profile_pb.php?id=9728<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>\u201cA people without a history is like a tree without roots.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

    April \/ May 2007 \u2013 Satya<\/a><\/em><\/h2>\n

    Q) Colleen Patrick-Goudreau<\/a><\/span> \u2013 You use the phrase \u201chistorical amnesia\u201d to refer to the fact that contemporary animal activists\u2014and society as a whole\u2014know nothing of the legacy of animal activism in the U.S. What are some of the effects of having \u201chistorical amnesia\u201d? Why is it so important to know our legacy?<\/h4>\n

    A)\u00a0Diane Beers<\/a><\/span> \u2013\u00a0Animal advocacy has an amazing history, yet it is essentially an untold story. African American activists will often say, \u201cA people without a history is like a tree without roots.\u201d Indeed, if activists don\u2019t know the history of their cause, they can have no sense of their movement\u2019s struggles, long-term strategies, achievements and heroes. In addition, they can\u2019t promote their long impressive movement to the public, and their opponents\u2014the meat industry, medical research industry and the government\u2014will fill the void. They have been the ones most aggressively and successfully constructing negative images and outright myths of animal advocacy that the public often believes.<\/h4>\n

    <\/span>…….<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Our 3 Main Projects<\/span><\/h1>\n

    The Henry Salt Archive<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/span> is one of our, almost completed, projects.<\/h4>\n

    The Humanitarian League<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/span> is our Hong Kong registered charity.<\/h4>\n

    The Ernest Bell Library<\/a><\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>was conceived in 1934. It is still strong & very active eighty years later \u2013\u00a0\u00a0its primary objectives are to: \u2013<\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Collect all of Ernest Bell\u2019s book & non-book works and make them easily accessible to everyone.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Collect the literature of vegetarianism and all the other humanitarian movements in which Ernest Bell was so deeply involved.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Assist students and scholars in their research.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Introduce all aspects of Ernest Bell\u2019s life, including his writings, campaign work, influences and his circle of friends.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>Undertake our own research into missing aspects of Ernest Bell\u2019s life and work.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>We already have more than 300 pieces of Ernest Bell\u2019s own writings.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>We are also actively building a collection of examples of promotional material, campaign material, fundraising & marketing activities etc. \u2013 related to: \u2013<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>veg(etari)an products<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>veg(etari)an books & other publications<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>veg(etari)an\u00a0organisations<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>veg(etari)an businesses<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>animal rights organisations<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>animal rights publications<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>humanitarian organisations<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>humanitarian publications<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>rambling clubs run by members of the above groups & related publications<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>the work of Richard St. Barbe Baker & the \u2018Men of the Trees\u2019 organization & its many sub-branches<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>There are currently more than 2,000 items in the Ernest Bell Library.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>We will complete the\u00a0cataloging of the collection as & when adequate funds are available.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>It is long past time for the library to go online!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/span>\u00a0\u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library,\u00a0which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature,\u00a0and so form a sort of center for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

    Henry S. Salt<\/a><\/span> \u2013 writing in September 1934<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    For the benefit of 2016 vegans \u2013 here – are HappyCow\u2019s Maine listings In our Ernest Bell Library, we have an original handwritten letter from 1834, identifying one early ‘close to vegan’ Portland\u00a0 resident \u2013 Reverend Henry Aiken Worcester, a Swedenborgian minister \u2013 and one ‘vegan’ visitor \u2013 Dr. Sylvester Graham. The letter tells us that Portland was quite a \u2018vegan paradise\u2019 in the 1830s. I use ‘vegan’ with inverted commas because in 1834 we are 110 years away from the founding of The Vegan Society. Words and phrases which we are unsure of, or which are illegible, are in red. The grammar and punctuation have been worked on just a little. The Worcester family\u00a0is excellently documented. We can confidently identify everyone mentioned in the letter \u2013 details below. Over to Henry – ~ \u2026\u2026 But I tell you that the physicians, all but one quack, of Portland, a very scientific class of men, have attended the course, and I believe all, to a man, acknowledge the correctness of Graham\u2019s principles. The change that it is making in this city you can hardly conceive of \u2013 for a very large portion of the inhabitants have adopted his mode of diet […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9728,"featured_media":15323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2274,2275],"tags":[2597,2595,2599,1092,2596,2307,2598,1260,2305],"class_list":["post-15319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vegan-history","category-vegetarian-history","tag-daniel-french","tag-david-aiken-worcester","tag-david-worcester","tag-ernest-bell","tag-grahamism","tag-mary-gove-nichols","tag-samuel-thomas-worcester","tag-sylvester-graham","tag-thomas-low-nichols"],"yoast_head":"\n1834 Vegan Enthusiasm In Portland Maine - HappyCow<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1834 Vegan Enthusiasm In Portland Maine - HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For the benefit of 2016 vegans \u2013 here – are HappyCow\u2019s Maine listings In our Ernest Bell Library, we have an original handwritten letter from 1834, identifying one early ‘close to vegan’ Portland\u00a0 resident \u2013 Reverend Henry Aiken Worcester, a Swedenborgian minister \u2013 and one ‘vegan’ visitor \u2013 Dr. Sylvester Graham. The letter tells us that Portland was quite a \u2018vegan paradise\u2019 in the 1830s. I use ‘vegan’ with inverted commas because in 1834 we are 110 years away from the founding of The Vegan Society. Words and phrases which we are unsure of, or which are illegible, are in red. The grammar and punctuation have been worked on just a little. The Worcester family\u00a0is excellently documented. We can confidently identify everyone mentioned in the letter \u2013 details below. Over to Henry – ~ \u2026\u2026 But I tell you that the physicians, all but one quack, of Portland, a very scientific class of men, have attended the course, and I believe all, to a man, acknowledge the correctness of Graham\u2019s principles. The change that it is making in this city you can hardly conceive of \u2013 for a very large portion of the inhabitants have adopted his mode of diet […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-02-19T21:03:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2016-11-10T09:40:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Graham4a.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"580\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"747\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"John Edmundson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@happycow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@happycow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"John Edmundson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"19 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"John Edmundson\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/82520fa57a466fbf415c30cbffffec7a\"},\"headline\":\"1834 Vegan Enthusiasm In Portland Maine\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-02-19T21:03:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-11-10T09:40:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/\"},\"wordCount\":3768,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Graham4a.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Daniel French\",\"David Aiken Worcester\",\"David Worcester\",\"Ernest Bell\",\"Grahamism\",\"Mary Gove Nichols\",\"Samuel Thomas Worcester\",\"sylvester graham\",\"Thomas Low Nichols\"],\"articleSection\":[\"vegan history\",\"vegetarian history\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/1834-vegan-enthusiasm\/\",\"name\":\"1834 Vegan Enthusiasm In Portland Maine - 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The letter tells us that Portland was quite a \u2018vegan paradise\u2019 in the 1830s. I use ‘vegan’ with inverted commas because in 1834 we are 110 years away from the founding of The Vegan Society. Words and phrases which we are unsure of, or which are illegible, are in red. The grammar and punctuation have been worked on just a little. The Worcester family\u00a0is excellently documented. We can confidently identify everyone mentioned in the letter \u2013 details below. Over to Henry – ~ \u2026\u2026 But I tell you that the physicians, all but one quack, of Portland, a very scientific class of men, have attended the course, and I believe all, to a man, acknowledge the correctness of Graham\u2019s principles. 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