{"id":11701,"date":"2014-12-24T07:18:16","date_gmt":"2014-12-24T15:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/?p=11701"},"modified":"2015-10-21T00:38:01","modified_gmt":"2015-10-21T07:38:01","slug":"world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/","title":{"rendered":"World War I Era &#8211; Preparing For Veganism"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_75 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Veganism_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\"  >Veganism &#8211;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6the_next_step_in_vegetarian_practice%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\"  >&#8220;&#8230;&#8230;the next step in vegetarian practice&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Here_we_share_some_items_in_our_Ernest_Bell_Library_which_date_from_during_just_after_WW1_we_add_links_to_some_of_our_favourite_information_sources\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\"  >Here we share some items in our Ernest Bell Library\u00a0which date from during, &amp; just after, WW1 &amp; we add links to some of our favourite information sources.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#This_was_a_period_when_many_people_in_the_UK_were_already_vegan_the_merits_of_veganism_were_being_actively_debated_in_vegetarian_literature_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6even_though_the_word_%E2%80%98vegan_itself_had_not_yet_been_coined_Dorothy_Donald_Watson_thought_up_the_word_%E2%80%98vegan_in_1944\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\"  >This was a period when many people in the UK were already vegan &amp; the merits of veganism were being actively debated in vegetarian literature; &#8230;&#8230;..even though the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself had not yet been coined. Dorothy &amp; Donald Watson thought up the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in 1944.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Our_motivation_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\"  >Our motivation: &#8211;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#the_history_of_veganism_interests_us_deeply\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\"  >the history of veganism interests us deeply.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#we_believe_that_these_ground-breaking_pioneers_deserve_to_be_known_remembered_today\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\"  >we believe that these ground-breaking pioneers deserve to be known &amp; remembered today.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#we_appreciate_the_art\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\"  >we appreciate the art.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#we_love_the_quality_of_the_writing_research\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\"  >we love the quality of the writing &amp; research.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#much_of_the_material_can_be_reused_in_2015_beyond\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\"  >much of the material can be reused in 2015 &amp; beyond.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#the_belief_that_we_%E2%80%98date_from_the_hippie_era_is_widespread_%E2%80%93_the_oldest_%E2%80%98vegan_items_in_The_Ernest_Bell_Library_are_from_the_1830s\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\"  >the belief that we &#8216;date from the hippie era&#8217; is widespread &#8211; the oldest &#8216;vegan&#8217; items in The Ernest Bell Library are from the 1830s.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#we_are_%E2%80%98history_geeks\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\"  >we are &#8216;history geeks&#8217;.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Shown_above_is_a_Donald_McGill_postcard_from_our_Ernest_Bell_Library_%E2%80%93_undated_%E2%80%93_WW1_era_%E2%80%93_circa_1917\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\"  >Shown above is a\u00a0Donald McGill\u00a0postcard from our Ernest Bell Library &#8211; undated &#8211; WW1 era &#8211; circa 1917.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Donald_McGill_%E2%80%93_part-time_vegan_propagandist\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\"  >Donald McGill &#8211; part-time vegan propagandist<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#To_see_larger_images_of_Donald_McGills_%E2%80%98vegan_postcard_mini-version_here_RHS_%E2%80%93_click_here\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\"  >To see larger images of Donald McGill&#8217;s &#8216;vegan&#8217; postcard (mini-version here RHS ) &#8211;\u00a0click here.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#_In_1897_Donald_McGill_was_apprenticed_to_Arnold_F_Hills_%E2%80%93_Thames_Ironworks_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company_%E2%80%93_where_he_stayed_until_1907\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\"  >~ In 1897 Donald McGill was apprenticed to Arnold F. Hills\u2019 \u2013 Thames Ironworks, Shipbuilding, and Engineering Company \u2013 where he stayed until 1907.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#In_these_years_Arnold_F_Hills_was_President_of_the_London_Vegetarian_Society_theVegetarian_Cycling_Club_the_Vegetarian_Federal_Union_and_a_London_Vegetarian_Rambling_Club\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\"  >In these years Arnold F. Hills was President of the London Vegetarian Society, theVegetarian Cycling Club, the Vegetarian Federal Union and a London Vegetarian Rambling Club.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#We_speculate_that_Donald_McGill_may_well_have_met_Josiah_Oldfield_Charles_W_Forward_other_acquaintances_of_Arnold_F_Hills_%E2%80%93_more_here_%E2%80%93_including_links_to_George_Orwells_%E2%80%98take_on_Donald_McGill\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\"  >We speculate that Donald McGill may well have met Josiah Oldfield, Charles W. Forward &amp; other acquaintances of Arnold F. Hills. ~ &#8211; more here &#8211; including links to George Orwell&#8217;s &#8216;take&#8217; on Donald McGill.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-2\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#In_Denmark\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\"  >In Denmark<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Veganism_was_given_a_massive_boost_in_this_period_both_during_just_after_WW1_by_the_observations_the_work_of_Dr_Mikkel_Hindhede_his_colleagues_in_Denmark\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\"  >Veganism was given a massive boost in this period, both during &amp; just after WW1, by the observations &amp; the work of \u00a0Dr. Mikkel Hindhede &amp; his colleagues in Denmark.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Our_library_collection_of_1920s_1930s_UK_vegetarian_literature_quotes_Dr_Hindhede_repeatedly\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\"  >Our library collection of 1920s &amp; 1930s UK vegetarian literature quotes Dr. Hindhede \u00a0repeatedly.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Many_Danish_people_had_become_noticeably_healthier_when_their_intake_of_meat_diary_was_reduced_due_to_wartime_shortages_rationing_during_WW1\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\"  >Many Danish people had become noticeably healthier, when their intake of meat &amp; diary was reduced, due to wartime shortages \/ rationing during WW1.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Here_is_an_excerpt_from_a_1926_presentation_about_Dr_Hindhede_which_was_given_by_Oluf_Egerod_MA_%E2%80%93_President_Danish_Vegetarian_Society\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\"  >Here is an excerpt from a 1926 presentation about Dr. Hindhede, which was given by Oluf Egerod, M.A. &#8211; President, Danish Vegetarian Society.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#_At_this_point_I_should_like_briefly_to_allude_to_the_story_of_Denmarks_rationing_experiences_during_the_war_In_1917-1918_Denmark_was_practically_isolated_from_other_corn-producing_countries_from_which_more_than_half_of_the_cornetc_used_by_her_people_and_also_that_given_to_her_cattle_had_formerly_been_imported_Dr_Hindhede_and_Professor_Mollgaard_were_asked_by_the_Government_for_their_advice_as_a_result_of_which_a_system_of_strict_rationing_was_adopted_This_meant_that_very_little_flesh_food_was_allowed_to_each_person_less_butter_no_margarine_very_little_sugar_practically_no_coffee_still_less_tobacco_and_almost_no_alcoholic_drink_By_comparison_however_plenty_of_potatoes_and_cereal_food_was_allowed_The_results_were_not_surprising_to_vegetarians_who_know_the_value_of_food_but_they_were_sufficiently_startling_so_far_as_the_general_public_were_concerned_The_death-rate_fell_to_104_per_thousand_which_is_the_lowest_figure_ever_recorded_in_a_civilized_country_Different_causes_may_be_assigned_for_this_%E2%80%93_the_fact_that_there_was_less_meat_less_butter_and_sugar_less_coffee_less_food_on_the_whole_%E2%80%93_but_Dr_Hindhede_believes_that_the_relatively_increased_consumption_of_coarse_whole-meal_rye_and_wheaten_bread_and_of_potatoes_played_the_chief_part_We_are_fortunate_in_Denmark_in_that_our_national_bread_is_the_%E2%80%9Cblack%E2%80%9D_rye_bread_though_I_am_sorry_to_say_that_during_the_last_thirty_years_the_consumption_of_white_bread_has_increased_rapidly_especially_in_Copenhagen_and_not_least_among_elderly_women_whose_principal_food_unfortunately_too_often_consists_of_white_bread_and_coffee_During_the_rationing_period_we_were_compelled_to_live_almost_entirely_on_potatoes_porridge_bran_bread_and_%E2%80%9Ccoffee_%E2%80%9Cmade_from_cereals\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\"  >~ At this point I should like briefly to allude to the story of Denmark&#8217;s rationing experiences during the war. In 1917-1918, Denmark was practically isolated from other corn-producing countries, from which more than half of the corn,etc., used by her people, and also that given to her cattle, had formerly been imported. Dr. Hindhede and Professor Mollgaard were asked by the Government for their advice, as a result of which a system of strict rationing was adopted. This meant that very little flesh food was allowed to each person, less butter, no margarine very little sugar, practically no coffee, still less tobacco, and almost no alcoholic drink. By comparison, however, plenty of potatoes and cereal food was allowed. The results were not surprising to vegetarians who know the value of food, but they were sufficiently startling so far as the general public were concerned. The death-rate fell to 10.4 per thousand, which is the lowest figure ever recorded in a civilized country. Different causes may be assigned for this &#8211; the fact that there was less meat, less butter and sugar, less coffee, less food on the whole &#8211; but Dr. Hindhede believes that the relatively increased consumption of coarse whole-meal rye and wheaten bread and of potatoes played the chief part. We are fortunate in Denmark in that our national bread is the &#8220;black&#8221; rye bread, though I am sorry to say that during the last thirty years the consumption of white bread has increased rapidly, especially in Copenhagen, and not least among elderly women, whose principal food, unfortunately, too often consists of white bread and coffee. During the rationing period, we were compelled to live almost entirely on potatoes, porridge, bran bread and &#8220;coffee &#8220;made from cereals.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#In_England_Dr_Hindhede_thinks_vegetarians_are_often_afraid_to_live_without_taking_large_quantities_of_milk_and_eggs_One_reason_for_this_perhaps_is_that_too_often_even_they_take_so_much_of_the_bad_white_bread_A_diet_consisting_chiefly_of_whole-meal_bread_potatoes_and_potato-soup_barley-_or_oatmeal-porridge_with_margarine_seems_to_be_sufficient_for_ones_needs_The_diet_however_would_be_still_better_if_fruit_and_vegetables_and_perhaps_a_little_milk_were_added_but_Dr_Hindhede_finds_such_large_quantities_of_milk_and_eggs_as_English_vegetarians_consume_superfluous_Personally_I_think_that_he_is_right_though_perhaps_a_little_one-sided_seeing_that_he_looks_at_the_question_too_much_from_the_point_of_view_of_cost_The_true_vegetarian_will_take_as_much_fruit_as_possible_even_if_it_is_a_little_more_expensive_than_cereal_products_and_he_will_of_course_take_the_former_uncooked_so_far_possible_This_indeed_represents_the_next_step_in_vegetarian_practice_for_which_one_looks_to_Dr_Hindhede_to_find_scientific_data\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\"  >In England, Dr. Hindhede thinks, vegetarians are often afraid to live without taking large quantities of milk and eggs. One reason for this perhaps, is that too often even they take so much of the bad white bread. A diet consisting chiefly of whole-meal bread, potatoes (and potato-soup), barley- or oatmeal-porridge, with margarine, seems to be sufficient for one&#8217;s needs. The diet, however, would be still better if fruit and vegetables, and perhaps a little milk, were added; but Dr Hindhede finds such large quantities of milk and eggs as English vegetarians consume superfluous. Personally, I think that he is right though perhaps a little one-sided, seeing that he looks at the question too much from the point of view of cost. The true vegetarian will take as much fruit as possible, even if it is a little more expensive than cereal products, and he will, of course, take the former uncooked, so far possible. This, indeed, represents the next step in vegetarian practice for which one looks to Dr. Hindhede to find scientific data. ~<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Read_the_presentation_in_full_%E2%80%93_here\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\"  >Read the presentation in full &#8211; here.\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-3\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Across_the_Atlantic\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\"  >Across the Atlantic<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Meat_Free_Days_in_the_US_%E2%80%93_circa_1917_%E2%80%93_95_years_ago_%E2%80%93_a_postcard\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\"  >Meat Free Days in the US &#8211; circa 1917 &#8211; 95 years ago &#8211; a postcard!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-4\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Back_in_Britain\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\"  >Back in Britain<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Dugald_Semple_%E2%80%93_a_vegan_conscientious_objector_in_WW1_%E2%80%93_working_for_the_Ministry_of_Food_%E2%80%93_teaching_people_to_forage_to_maximize_their_intake_of_plant_foods\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\"  >Dugald Semple &#8211; a vegan conscientious objector in WW1 &#8211; working for the Ministry of Food &#8211; teaching people to forage &amp; to maximize their intake of plant foods.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6the_First_World_War_broke_out_in_1914_and_though_a_pacifist_for_religious_reasons_I_nevertheless_felt_it_my_duty_to_offer_my_services_in_a_civil_capacity_to_help_my_country_My_view_was_that_no_one_was_exempt_from_the_sins_of_his_fellows_and_should_therefore_do_something_both_in_peace_and_war_to_shoulder_ones_social_obligations\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\"  >\u201c\u2026\u2026the First World War broke out in 1914, and though a pacifist for religious reasons, I nevertheless felt it my duty to offer my services in a civil capacity to help my country. My view was that no one was exempt from the sins of his fellows, and should, therefore, do something, both in peace and war, to shoulder one\u2019s social obligations.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#First_of_all_I_obtained_a_Government_permit_to_give_lectures_on_%E2%80%9CFood_Economy%E2%80%9D_along_the_Ayrshire_coast_provided_my_caravan_had_no_lights_shining_and_was_removed_inland_at_night%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%93_from_Joy_in_Living_%E2%80%93_Dugalds_autobiography_%E2%80%93_1957\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\"  >First of all, I obtained a Government permit to give lectures on \u201cFood Economy\u201d along the Ayrshire coast, provided my caravan had no lights shining and was removed inland at night.\u201d\u00a0\u2013 from\u00a0Joy in Living\u00a0\u2013 Dugald\u2019s autobiography \u2013 1957.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-5\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Excerpt_from_%E2%80%93_THE_VEGETARIAN_MOVEMENT_IN_ENGLAND_1847-1981_A_STUDY_IN_THE_STRUCTURE_OF_ITS_IDEOLOGY_by_Julia_Twigg\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\"  >Excerpt from &#8211;\u00a0THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY\u00a0by Julia Twigg<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#CHAPTER_SEVEN_THE_GREAT_WAR_AND_THE_INTERWAR_PERIOD\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\"  >CHAPTER SEVEN: THE GREAT WAR AND THE INTERWAR PERIOD<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#By_1917_the_government_first_under_Lord_Devonport_at_the_new_Food_Ministry_and_then_more_competently_under_Lord_Rhondda_began_to_encourage_food_economy_Pleas_for_meatless_days_led_by_bishops_and_leading_citizens_found_natural_favour_among_the_vegetarians_and_government_used_among_others_the_vegetarians_Mrs_Leonora_Cohen_and_Dugald_Semple_to_spread_propaganda_for_food_innovations_such_as_barley_rissoles_and_nut_foods_Again_to_the_approval_of_the_vegetarians_the_home_loaf_became_during_the_war_progressively_higher_in_bran_In_1918_meat_rationing_was_finally_introduced_at_the_level_of_%C2%BElb_per_person_per_week_Promises_of_extra_cheese_for_vegetarians_did_not_materialise_though_they_were_eventually_allowed_extra_fat_and_butter_August_1918_saw_a_shortage_of_fruit_and_vegetarian_anxieties_were_raised_by_the_governments_policy_of_giving_priority_to_jam_making_Bread_and_jam_at_this_time_were_still_staples_of_most_working-class_diets_%E2%80%93_in_full_%E2%80%93_here\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\"  >By 1917 the government, first under Lord Devonport at the new Food Ministry, and then, more competently under Lord Rhondda, began to encourage food economy. Pleas for meatless days led by bishops and leading citizens found natural favour among the vegetarians; and government used among others the vegetarians Mrs Leonora Cohen and Dugald Semple to spread propaganda for food innovations (such as?) barley rissoles and nut foods. Again to the approval of the vegetarians, the home loaf became during the war progressively higher in bran. In 1918 meat rationing was finally introduced, at the level of \u00belb per person per week. Promises of extra cheese for vegetarians did not materialise, though they were eventually allowed extra fat and butter. August 1918 saw a shortage of fruit, and vegetarian anxieties were raised by the government&#8217;s policy of giving priority to jam making. Bread and jam at this time were still staples of most working-class diets. &#8211; in full &#8211; here.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-6\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#World_War_I_%E2%80%93_the_Food_Controller_mentioned_on_the_postcard_above_%E2%80%93_Wiki\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\"  >World War I &#8211; the Food Controller mentioned on the postcard above &#8211; Wiki.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#War_was_declared_on_4_August_1914_Good_harvests_and_little_interruption_to_imports_of_food_during_the_first_two_years_of_meant_that_there_were_no_shortages_of_food_The_agricultural_situation_then_changed_for_the_worse_with_a_poor_crop_harvest_failure_of_the_potato_crop_declining_harvest_abroad_and_increased_shipping_losses_In_1916_Rowland_Prothero_was_appointed_President_of_the_Board_of_Agriculture_with_a_seat_in_the_Cabinet_and_with_the_aim_of_stimulating_food_production\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\"  >War was declared on 4 August 1914. Good harvests and little interruption to imports of food during the first two years of meant that there were no shortages of food. The agricultural situation then changed for the worse with a poor crop harvest, failure of the potato crop, declining harvest abroad and increased shipping losses. In 1916, Rowland Prothero was appointed President of the Board of Agriculture with a seat in the Cabinet and with the aim of stimulating food production.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#In_December_1916_a_Ministry_of_Food_was_created_under_the_New_Ministries_Secretaries_Act_1916_and_Lord_Devonport_appointed_Food_Controller_to_regulate_the_supply_and_consumption_of_food_and_to_encourage_food_production_A_Food_Production_Department_was_established_by_the_Board_of_Agriculture_in_1917_to_organise_and_distribute_agricultural_inputs_such_as_labour_feed_fertiliser_and_machinery_and_increase_output_of_crops_Provision_of_labour_provided_considerable_difficulty_as_many_men_working_on_farms_had_enlisted_but_co-operation_between_the_War_Office_and_the_Board_enabled_men_to_be_released_to_help_with_spring_cultivation_and_harvest_Also_in_1917_the_Womens_Land_Army_was_created_to_provide_substitutes_for_men_called_up_to_the_forces\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\"  >In December 1916, a Ministry of Food was created under the New Ministries &amp; Secretaries Act 1916 and Lord Devonport appointed Food Controller to regulate the supply and consumption of food and to encourage food production. A Food Production Department was established by the Board of Agriculture in 1917 to organise and distribute agricultural inputs, such as labour, feed, fertiliser and machinery, and increase output of crops. Provision of labour provided considerable difficulty as many men working on farms had enlisted but co-operation between the War Office and the Board enabled men to be released to help with spring cultivation and harvest. Also in 1917, the Women&#8217;s Land Army was created to provide substitutes for men called up to the forces.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#The_Corn_Production_Act_1917_guaranteed_minimum_prices_for_wheat_and_oats_specified_a_minimum_wage_for_agricultural_workers_and_established_the_Agricultural_Wages_Board_to_ensure_stability_for_farmers_and_a_share_of_this_stability_for_agricultural_workers_The_aim_was_to_increase_output_of_home-grown_food_and_reduce_dependence_on_imports_In_June_1917_Lord_Devonport_resigned_as_Food_Controller_to_be_replaced_by_Lord_Rhondda_who_introduced_compulsory_rationing_of_meat_sugar_and_butter_in_early_1918_By_1918_there_were_controls_over_almost_all_aspects_of_farming_the_Food_Controller_bought_all_essential_food_supplies_and_the_Corn_Production_Act_guaranteed_cereal_prices_Lord_Rhondda_died_on_1_July_1918_and_was_succeeded_by_John_Clynes_MP_The_armistice_treaty_ending_World_War_I_was_signed_on_11_November_1918_Following_the_war_the_Food_Controller_resigned_in_1919_and_the_Ministry_of_Food_progressively_wound_down_and_closed_on_31_March_1921\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\"  >The Corn Production Act 1917 guaranteed minimum prices for wheat and oats, specified a minimum wage for agricultural workers and established the Agricultural Wages Board, to ensure stability for farmers and a share of this stability for agricultural workers. The aim was to increase output of home-grown food and reduce dependence on imports. In June 1917, Lord Devonport resigned as Food Controller to be replaced by Lord Rhondda, who introduced compulsory rationing of meat, sugar and butter in early 1918. By 1918, there were controls over almost all aspects of farming; the Food Controller bought all essential food supplies and the Corn Production Act guaranteed cereal prices. Lord Rhondda died on 1 July 1918 and was succeeded by John Clynes, MP. The armistice treaty ending World War I was signed on 11 November 1918. Following the war, the Food Controller resigned in 1919 and the Ministry of Food progressively wound down and closed on 31 March 1921.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\"  >\u00a0\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#No_Animal_Food_The_Road_to_Veganism_in_Britain_1909-1944_%E2%80%93_by_%E2%80%93_Leah_Leneman_%E2%80%93_in_full_here\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\"  >No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain,\u00a01909-1944 &#8211; by &#8211; Leah Leneman &#8211; in full here.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Excerpt_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\"  >Excerpt &#8211;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#In_1912_Newcombe_the_editor_of_THMVR_noted_that_the_movement_contained_%E2%80%9Ctwo_classes_of_vegetarians_those_who_use_eggs_and_milk_and_their_products_butter_and_cheese_and_those_who_do_not%E2%80%9D_The_latter_were_a_minority_but_had_strong_reasons_behind_them_Newcombe_opened_the_journal_to_letters_arguing_the_pros_and_cons_After_summarizing_the_views_of_the_24_vegetarians_who_had_written_in_he_concluded_%E2%80%9CThe_defence_of_the_use_of_eggs_and_milk_by_vegetarians_so_far_as_it_has_been_offered_here_is_not_satisfactory_The_only_true_way_is_to_live_on_cereals_pulse_fruit_nuts_and_vegetables%E2%80%9D\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\"  >In 1912, Newcombe, the editor of THMVR, noted that the movement contained\u00a0&#8220;two classes of vegetarians: those who use eggs and milk (and their products, butter\u00a0and cheese) and those who do not.&#8221; The latter were a minority but had strong\u00a0reasons behind them. Newcombe opened the journal to letters\u00a0arguing the pros and cons. After summarizing the views of the 24 vegetarians who\u00a0had written in, he concluded, &#8220;The defence of the use of eggs and milk by\u00a0vegetarians, so far as it has been offered here, is not satisfactory. The only true way\u00a0is to live on cereals, pulse, fruit, nuts and vegetables&#8221;.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Thus_in_the_period_immediately_prior_to_World_War_I_the_Vegetarian_Society_appeared_to_be_moving_toward_what_would_later_be_called_a_vegan_diet_A_cataclysmic_war_intervened_but_the_issue_did_not_disappear_In_1923_editors_of_TVMHR_commented_%E2%80%9CWe_feel_that_the_ideal_position_for_vegetarians_is_abstinence_from_animal_products_and_that_most_of_us_are_like_other_reformers_in_a_transitional_stage%E2%80%9D\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\"  >Thus, in the period immediately prior to World War I, the Vegetarian Society\u00a0appeared to be moving toward what would later be called a vegan diet. A\u00a0cataclysmic war intervened, but the issue did not disappear. In 1923, editors of\u00a0TVMHR commented, &#8220;We feel that the ideal position for vegetarians is abstinence\u00a0from animal products, and that most of us are, like other reformers, in a transitional stage&#8221;.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Newcombe_Cornelius_Prout_%E2%80%9CC_P%E2%80%9D_Newcombe_1825%E2%80%921913_a_vegetarian_from_1850_a_member_of_the_National_Temperance_Association_and_agent_of_Temperance_Emigration_Shipping_c1859_he_ran_vegetarian_boarding_school_and_then_spent_several_years_in_New_Zealand_He_retired_to_Torquay_and_was_active_in_late-nineteenth_century_vegetarianism\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\"  >Newcombe =\u00a0Cornelius Prout &#8220;C. P.&#8221; Newcombe (1825\u20121913), a vegetarian from 1850, a member of the National Temperance Association and agent of Temperance Emigration Shipping, c.1859 he ran vegetarian boarding school, and then spent several years in New Zealand. He retired to Torquay, and was active in late-nineteenth century vegetarianism.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#THMVR_The_Vegetarian_Societys_magazine_%E2%80%93_The_Vegetarian_Messenger_and_Health_Review\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\"  >THMVR =\u00a0The Vegetarian Society&#8217;s magazine &#8211; The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Source_%E2%80%93_in_%E2%80%93_The_Vegetarian_Society_Archives\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\"  >Source\u00a0&#8211; in &#8211; The Vegetarian Society Archives<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-7\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Our_Projects\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\"  >Our Projects<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#The_Henry_Salt_Archive_is_one_of_our_almost_completed_projects\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\"  >The Henry Salt Archive is one of our, almost completed, projects.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#The_Humanitarian_League_is_our_Hong_Kong_registered_charity\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\"  >The Humanitarian League is our Hong Kong registered charity.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#The_Ernest_Bell_Library_was_conceived_in_1934_It_is_still_strong_very_active_eighty_years_later\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\"  >The Ernest Bell Library\u00a0was conceived in 1934. It is still strong &amp; very active eighty years later.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#_%E2%80%9CI_have_little_doubt_that_the_proposal_for_the_establishment_of_an_Ernest_Bell_Library_which_would_specialize_in_humanitarian_and_progressive_literature_and_so_form_a_sort_of_centre_for_students_will_meet_with_a_wide_response%E2%80%9D\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\"  >\u00a0\u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library,\u00a0which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature,\u00a0and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Henry_S_Salt_%E2%80%93_writing_in_September_1934\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\"  >Henry S. Salt \u2013 writing in September 1934<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-8\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#If_anyone_would_like_more_information_please_send_an_email_to_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\"  >If anyone would like more information, please send an email to:\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#humanitarianleague_at_outlook_dot_com\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\"  >humanitarianleague (at) outlook (dot) com\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%93_or_message_me_through_HappyCow_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\"  >&#8211; or message me through\u00a0HappyCow\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#https_wwwhappycownetblogauthorJohnnySensible\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\"  >https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-9\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Lucky_Dip\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\"  >Lucky Dip<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Links_to_12_pages_of_our_articles_%E2%80%93_which_are_mostly_about_vegan_history_anti-vivisection_our_Ernest_Bell_Library_project%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\"  >Links to 12 pages of our articles &#8211; which are mostly about vegan history, anti-vivisection, our Ernest Bell Library project&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#There_are_6_per_page\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\"  >There are 6 per page.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#An_index_is_being_worked_on\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\"  >An index is being worked on!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#1_%E2%80%93_2_%E2%80%93_3_%E2%80%93_4_%E2%80%93_5_%E2%80%93_6_%E2%80%93_7_%E2%80%93_8_%E2%80%93_9_%E2%80%93_10_%E2%80%9311_%E2%80%93_12\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\"  >1 &#8211; 2 &#8211; 3 &#8211; 4 &#8211; 5 &#8211; 6 &#8211; 7 &#8211; 8 &#8211; 9 &#8211; 10 &#8211;11 &#8211; 12<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\"  >\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#The_National_Museum_of_Animals_Society_%E2%80%93\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\"  >The National Museum of Animals &amp; Society &#8211;\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Sharing_Their_Campaign_Information\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\"  >Sharing Their Campaign Information<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#Please_Click_Visit_the_indiegogocom_Campaign\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\"  >Please Click &amp; Visit the indiegogo.com Campaign<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#A_museum_to_explore_the_human-animal_bond_the_animal_protection_movement\" class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\"  >A museum to explore the human-animal bond &amp; the animal protection movement.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Veganism_%E2%80%93\"><\/span>Veganism &#8211;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6the_next_step_in_vegetarian_practice%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;&#8230;&#8230;the next step in vegetarian practice&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4>Here we share some items in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/our-etymological-past\/\" title=\" \u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library, which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature, and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d Henry S. Salt \u2013 writing in September 1934\"  target=\"_blank\">Ernest Bell Library<\/a>\u00a0which date from during, &amp; just after, WW1 &amp; we add links to some of our favourite information sources.<\/h4>\n<h4>This was a period when many people in the UK were already vegan &amp; the merits of veganism were being actively debated in vegetarian literature; &#8230;&#8230;..even though the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself had not yet been coined. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/our-etymological-past\/\" title=\"We need a name that suggests what we do eat, and if possible one that conveys the idea that even with all animal foods taboo, Nature still offers us a bewildering assortment from which to choose. \u2018Vegetarian\u2019 and \u2018Fruitarian\u2019 are already associated with societies that allow the \u2018fruits'(!) of cows and fowls, therefore it seems we must make a new and appropriate word. As this first issue of our periodical had to be named, I have used the title \u201cThe Vegan News\u201d. Should we adopt this, our diet will soon become known as a VEGAN diet, and we should aspire to the rank of VEGANS. Members\u2019 suggestions will be welcomed. The virtue of having a short title is best known to those of us who, as secretaries of vegetarian societies have to type or write the word vegetarian thousands of times a year!\"  target=\"_blank\">Dorothy &amp; Donald Watson thought up the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in 1944<\/a>.<\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Our_motivation_%E2%80%93\"><\/span>Our motivation: &#8211;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the_history_of_veganism_interests_us_deeply\"><\/span>the history of veganism interests us deeply.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"we_believe_that_these_ground-breaking_pioneers_deserve_to_be_known_remembered_today\"><\/span>we believe that these ground-breaking pioneers deserve to be known &amp; remembered today.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"we_appreciate_the_art\"><\/span>we appreciate the art.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"we_love_the_quality_of_the_writing_research\"><\/span>we love the quality of the writing &amp; research.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"much_of_the_material_can_be_reused_in_2015_beyond\"><\/span>much of the material can be reused in 2015 &amp; beyond.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>the belief that we &#8216;date from the hippie era&#8217; is widespread &#8211; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/asenath-nicholson-vegan-in-the-1830s-missionary-philanthropist-and-traveler\/\" title=\"Good bread, pure water, ripe fruit and vegetables, are my meat and drink exclusively,........\"  target=\"_blank\">oldest &#8216;vegan&#8217; items in The Ernest Bell Library<\/a> are from the 1830s.<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"we_are_%E2%80%98history_geeks\"><\/span>we are &#8216;history geeks&#8217;.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/DonaldMcGill2.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11702 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/DonaldMcGill2.jpg\" alt=\"DonaldMcGill2\" width=\"580\" height=\"914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/DonaldMcGill2.jpg 580w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/DonaldMcGill2-190x300.jpg 190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Shown above is a\u00a0Donald McGill\u00a0postcard from our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/our-etymological-past\/\" title=\" \u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library, which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature, and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d Henry S. Salt\"  target=\"_blank\">Ernest Bell Library<\/a> &#8211; undated &#8211; WW1 era &#8211; circa 1917.<\/h6>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Donald_McGill_%E2%80%93_part-time_vegan_propagandist\"><\/span>Donald McGill &#8211; part-time vegan propagandist<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/JackSprat580.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-12006 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/JackSprat580.jpg\" alt=\"JackSprat580\" width=\"290\" height=\"464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/JackSprat580.jpg 290w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/JackSprat580-188x300.jpg 188w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<h4>To see larger images of Donald McGill&#8217;s &#8216;vegan&#8217; postcard (mini-version here RHS ) &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/donald-mcgill-vegan-postcard\/\" title=\"In 1897 Donald McGill was apprenticed to Arnold F. Hills\u2019 \u2013 Thames Ironworks, Shipbuilding, and Engineering Company \u2013 where he stayed until 1907. In these years Arnold F. Hills was President the London Vegetarian Society, the Vegetarian Cycling Club, the Vegetarian Federal Union and a London Vegetarian Rambling Club. We speculate that Donald McGill may well have met Josiah Oldfield, Charles W. Forward &amp; other acquaintances of Arnold F. Hills.\"  target=\"_blank\">click here<\/a>.<\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_In_1897_Donald_McGill_was_apprenticed_to_Arnold_F_Hills_%E2%80%93_Thames_Ironworks_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company_%E2%80%93_where_he_stayed_until_1907\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">~ In 1897 Donald McGill was apprenticed to Arnold F. Hills\u2019 \u2013 <em>Thames Ironworks, Shipbuilding, and Engineering Company<\/em> \u2013 where he stayed until 1907.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_these_years_Arnold_F_Hills_was_President_of_the_London_Vegetarian_Society_theVegetarian_Cycling_Club_the_Vegetarian_Federal_Union_and_a_London_Vegetarian_Rambling_Club\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">In these years Arnold F. Hills was President of the <em>London Vegetarian Society<\/em>, the<em>Vegetarian Cycling Club<\/em>, the <em>Vegetarian Federal Union<\/em> and a <em>London Vegetarian Rambling Club<\/em>.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #800080;\">We speculate that Donald McGill may well have met Josiah Oldfield, Charles W. Forward &amp; other acquaintances of Arnold F. Hills. ~<\/span> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/donald-mcgill-vegan-postcard\/\" title=\"McGill is a clever draughtsman with a real caricaturist\u2019s touch in the drawing of faces, but the special value of his post cards is that they are so completely typical. They represent, as it were, the norm of the comic post card. Without being in the least imitative, they are exactly what comic post cards have been any time these last forty years, and from them the meaning and purpose of the whole genre can be inferred. \"  target=\"_blank\">more here<\/a> &#8211; including links to George Orwell&#8217;s &#8216;take&#8217; on Donald McGill.<\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Denmark\"><\/span>In Denmark<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4>Veganism was given a massive boost in this period, both during &amp; just after WW1, by the observations &amp; the work of \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikkel_Hindhede\" title=\"Mikkel Hindhede (13 February 1862 \u2013 17 December 1945)\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">Dr. Mikkel Hindhede<\/a> &amp; his colleagues in Denmark.<\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Our_library_collection_of_1920s_1930s_UK_vegetarian_literature_quotes_Dr_Hindhede_repeatedly\"><\/span>Our library collection of 1920s &amp; 1930s UK vegetarian literature quotes Dr. Hindhede \u00a0repeatedly.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Many_Danish_people_had_become_noticeably_healthier_when_their_intake_of_meat_diary_was_reduced_due_to_wartime_shortages_rationing_during_WW1\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Many Danish people had become noticeably healthier, when their intake of meat &amp; diary was reduced, due to wartime shortages \/ rationing during WW1.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Here_is_an_excerpt_from_a_1926_presentation_about_Dr_Hindhede_which_was_given_by_Oluf_Egerod_MA_%E2%80%93_President_Danish_Vegetarian_Society\"><\/span>Here is an excerpt from a 1926 presentation about Dr. Hindhede, which was given by Oluf Egerod, M.A. &#8211; President, Danish Vegetarian Society.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_At_this_point_I_should_like_briefly_to_allude_to_the_story_of_Denmarks_rationing_experiences_during_the_war_In_1917-1918_Denmark_was_practically_isolated_from_other_corn-producing_countries_from_which_more_than_half_of_the_cornetc_used_by_her_people_and_also_that_given_to_her_cattle_had_formerly_been_imported_Dr_Hindhede_and_Professor_Mollgaard_were_asked_by_the_Government_for_their_advice_as_a_result_of_which_a_system_of_strict_rationing_was_adopted_This_meant_that_very_little_flesh_food_was_allowed_to_each_person_less_butter_no_margarine_very_little_sugar_practically_no_coffee_still_less_tobacco_and_almost_no_alcoholic_drink_By_comparison_however_plenty_of_potatoes_and_cereal_food_was_allowed_The_results_were_not_surprising_to_vegetarians_who_know_the_value_of_food_but_they_were_sufficiently_startling_so_far_as_the_general_public_were_concerned_The_death-rate_fell_to_104_per_thousand_which_is_the_lowest_figure_ever_recorded_in_a_civilized_country_Different_causes_may_be_assigned_for_this_%E2%80%93_the_fact_that_there_was_less_meat_less_butter_and_sugar_less_coffee_less_food_on_the_whole_%E2%80%93_but_Dr_Hindhede_believes_that_the_relatively_increased_consumption_of_coarse_whole-meal_rye_and_wheaten_bread_and_of_potatoes_played_the_chief_part_We_are_fortunate_in_Denmark_in_that_our_national_bread_is_the_%E2%80%9Cblack%E2%80%9D_rye_bread_though_I_am_sorry_to_say_that_during_the_last_thirty_years_the_consumption_of_white_bread_has_increased_rapidly_especially_in_Copenhagen_and_not_least_among_elderly_women_whose_principal_food_unfortunately_too_often_consists_of_white_bread_and_coffee_During_the_rationing_period_we_were_compelled_to_live_almost_entirely_on_potatoes_porridge_bran_bread_and_%E2%80%9Ccoffee_%E2%80%9Cmade_from_cereals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">~ At this point I should like briefly to allude to the story of Denmark&#8217;s rationing experiences during the war. In 1917-1918, Denmark was practically isolated from other corn-producing countries, from which more than half of the corn,etc., used by her people, and also that given to her cattle, had formerly been imported. Dr. Hindhede and Professor Mollgaard were asked by the Government for their advice, as a result of which a system of strict rationing was adopted. This meant that very little flesh food was allowed to each person, less butter, no margarine very little sugar, practically no coffee, still less tobacco, and almost no alcoholic drink. By comparison, however, plenty of potatoes and cereal food was allowed. The results were not surprising to vegetarians who know the value of food, but they were sufficiently startling so far as the general public were concerned. The death-rate fell to 10.4 per thousand, which is the lowest figure ever recorded in a civilized country. Different causes may be assigned for this &#8211; the fact that there was less meat, less butter and sugar, less coffee, less food on the whole &#8211; but Dr. Hindhede believes that the relatively increased consumption of coarse whole-meal rye and wheaten bread and of potatoes played the chief part. We are fortunate in Denmark in that our national bread is the &#8220;black&#8221; rye bread, though I am sorry to say that during the last thirty years the consumption of white bread has increased rapidly, especially in Copenhagen, and not least among elderly women, whose principal food, unfortunately, too often consists of white bread and coffee. During the rationing period, we were compelled to live almost entirely on potatoes, porridge, bran bread and &#8220;coffee &#8220;made from cereals.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_England_Dr_Hindhede_thinks_vegetarians_are_often_afraid_to_live_without_taking_large_quantities_of_milk_and_eggs_One_reason_for_this_perhaps_is_that_too_often_even_they_take_so_much_of_the_bad_white_bread_A_diet_consisting_chiefly_of_whole-meal_bread_potatoes_and_potato-soup_barley-_or_oatmeal-porridge_with_margarine_seems_to_be_sufficient_for_ones_needs_The_diet_however_would_be_still_better_if_fruit_and_vegetables_and_perhaps_a_little_milk_were_added_but_Dr_Hindhede_finds_such_large_quantities_of_milk_and_eggs_as_English_vegetarians_consume_superfluous_Personally_I_think_that_he_is_right_though_perhaps_a_little_one-sided_seeing_that_he_looks_at_the_question_too_much_from_the_point_of_view_of_cost_The_true_vegetarian_will_take_as_much_fruit_as_possible_even_if_it_is_a_little_more_expensive_than_cereal_products_and_he_will_of_course_take_the_former_uncooked_so_far_possible_This_indeed_represents_the_next_step_in_vegetarian_practice_for_which_one_looks_to_Dr_Hindhede_to_find_scientific_data\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">In England, Dr. Hindhede thinks, vegetarians are often afraid to live without taking large quantities of milk and eggs. One reason for this perhaps, is that too often even they take so much of the bad white bread. A diet consisting chiefly of whole-meal bread, potatoes (and potato-soup), barley- or oatmeal-porridge, with margarine, seems to be sufficient for one&#8217;s needs. The diet, however, would be still better if fruit and vegetables, and perhaps a little milk, were added; but Dr Hindhede finds such large quantities of milk and eggs as English vegetarians consume superfluous. Personally, I think that he is right though perhaps a little one-sided, seeing that he looks at the question too much from the point of view of cost. The true vegetarian will take as much fruit as possible, even if it is a little more expensive than cereal products, and he will, of course, take the former uncooked, so far possible. This, indeed, represents<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> the next step in vegetarian practice<\/span> for which one looks to Dr. Hindhede to find scientific data. ~<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Read the presentation in full &#8211; <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ivu.org\/congress\/wvc26\/egerod.html\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\" title=\"This article is a summary of a paper read at the International Vegetarian Congress, May 28th, 1926.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">here<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-3\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Across_the_Atlantic\"><\/span>Across the Atlantic<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/MeatlessDaysUS.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11705 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/MeatlessDaysUS.jpg\" alt=\"MeatlessDaysUS\" width=\"580\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/MeatlessDaysUS.jpg 580w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/MeatlessDaysUS-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meat_Free_Days_in_the_US_%E2%80%93_circa_1917_%E2%80%93_95_years_ago_%E2%80%93_a_postcard\"><\/span>Meat Free Days in the US &#8211; circa 1917 &#8211; 95 years ago &#8211; a postcard!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-4\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Back_in_Britain\"><\/span>Back in Britain<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/cathie-dugald-semple-vegan-pioneers\/\" title=\"Dugald Semple was a proponent of the \u2018vegan\u2019 diet &amp; lifestyle 100+ years ago \u2013 long before Donald Watson &amp; other of Dugald\u2019s friends officially started The Vegan Society in the UK.\"  target=\"_blank\">Dugald Semple<\/a> &#8211; a vegan conscientious objector in WW1 &#8211; working for the Ministry of Food &#8211; teaching people to forage &amp; to maximize their intake of plant foods.<\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6the_First_World_War_broke_out_in_1914_and_though_a_pacifist_for_religious_reasons_I_nevertheless_felt_it_my_duty_to_offer_my_services_in_a_civil_capacity_to_help_my_country_My_view_was_that_no_one_was_exempt_from_the_sins_of_his_fellows_and_should_therefore_do_something_both_in_peace_and_war_to_shoulder_ones_social_obligations\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u201c\u2026\u2026the First World War broke out in 1914, and though a pacifist for religious reasons, I nevertheless felt it my duty to offer my services in a civil capacity to help my country. My view was that no one was exempt from the sins of his fellows, and should, therefore, do something, both in peace and war, to shoulder one\u2019s social obligations<\/strong>.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_of_all_I_obtained_a_Government_permit_to_give_lectures_on_%E2%80%9CFood_Economy%E2%80%9D_along_the_Ayrshire_coast_provided_my_caravan_had_no_lights_shining_and_was_removed_inland_at_night%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%93_from_Joy_in_Living_%E2%80%93_Dugalds_autobiography_%E2%80%93_1957\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>First of all, I obtained a Government permit to give lectures on \u201cFood Economy\u201d along the Ayrshire coast, provided my caravan had no lights shining and was removed inland at night.\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 from\u00a0<em>Joy in Living<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 Dugald\u2019s autobiography \u2013 1957.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-5\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Excerpt_from_%E2%80%93_THE_VEGETARIAN_MOVEMENT_IN_ENGLAND_1847-1981_A_STUDY_IN_THE_STRUCTURE_OF_ITS_IDEOLOGY_by_Julia_Twigg\"><\/span>Excerpt from &#8211;\u00a0THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY\u00a0by Julia Twigg<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CHAPTER_SEVEN_THE_GREAT_WAR_AND_THE_INTERWAR_PERIOD\"><\/span>CHAPTER SEVEN: THE GREAT WAR AND THE INTERWAR PERIOD<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #800080;\">By 1917 the government, first under Lord Devonport at the new Food Ministry, and then, more competently under Lord Rhondda, began to encourage food economy. Pleas for meatless days led by bishops and leading citizens found natural favour among the vegetarians; and government used among others the vegetarians Mrs Leonora Cohen and Dugald Semple to spread propaganda for food innovations (such as?) barley rissoles and nut foods. Again to the approval of the vegetarians, the home loaf became during the war progressively higher in bran. In 1918 meat rationing was finally introduced, at the level of \u00belb per person per week. Promises of extra cheese for vegetarians did not materialise, though they were eventually allowed extra fat and butter. August 1918 saw a shortage of fruit, and vegetarian anxieties were raised by the government&#8217;s policy of giving priority to jam making. Bread and jam at this time were still staples of most working-class diets. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8211; in full &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ivu.org\/history\/thesis\/ww1.html\" title=\"THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY A thesis presented to the London School of Economics, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Julia Twigg\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h2><span id=\"World_War_I\" class=\"mw-headline\">World War I &#8211; the Food Controller mentioned on the postcard above &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)\" title=\"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">Wiki<\/a>.<\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"War_was_declared_on_4_August_1914_Good_harvests_and_little_interruption_to_imports_of_food_during_the_first_two_years_of_meant_that_there_were_no_shortages_of_food_The_agricultural_situation_then_changed_for_the_worse_with_a_poor_crop_harvest_failure_of_the_potato_crop_declining_harvest_abroad_and_increased_shipping_losses_In_1916_Rowland_Prothero_was_appointed_President_of_the_Board_of_Agriculture_with_a_seat_in_the_Cabinet_and_with_the_aim_of_stimulating_food_production\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">War was declared on 4 August 1914. Good harvests and little interruption to imports of food during the first two years of meant that there were no shortages of food. The agricultural situation then changed for the worse with a poor crop harvest, failure of the potato crop, declining harvest abroad and increased shipping losses. In 1916, Rowland Prothero was appointed President of the Board of Agriculture with a seat in the Cabinet and with the aim of stimulating food production.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_December_1916_a_Ministry_of_Food_was_created_under_the_New_Ministries_Secretaries_Act_1916_and_Lord_Devonport_appointed_Food_Controller_to_regulate_the_supply_and_consumption_of_food_and_to_encourage_food_production_A_Food_Production_Department_was_established_by_the_Board_of_Agriculture_in_1917_to_organise_and_distribute_agricultural_inputs_such_as_labour_feed_fertiliser_and_machinery_and_increase_output_of_crops_Provision_of_labour_provided_considerable_difficulty_as_many_men_working_on_farms_had_enlisted_but_co-operation_between_the_War_Office_and_the_Board_enabled_men_to_be_released_to_help_with_spring_cultivation_and_harvest_Also_in_1917_the_Womens_Land_Army_was_created_to_provide_substitutes_for_men_called_up_to_the_forces\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">In December 1916, a Ministry of Food was created under the New Ministries &amp; Secretaries Act 1916 and Lord Devonport appointed Food Controller to regulate the supply and consumption of food and to encourage food production. A Food Production Department was established by the Board of Agriculture in 1917 to organise and distribute agricultural inputs, such as labour, feed, fertiliser and machinery, and increase output of crops. Provision of labour provided considerable difficulty as many men working on farms had enlisted but co-operation between the War Office and the Board enabled men to be released to help with spring cultivation and harvest. Also in 1917, the Women&#8217;s Land Army was created to provide substitutes for men called up to the forces.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Corn_Production_Act_1917_guaranteed_minimum_prices_for_wheat_and_oats_specified_a_minimum_wage_for_agricultural_workers_and_established_the_Agricultural_Wages_Board_to_ensure_stability_for_farmers_and_a_share_of_this_stability_for_agricultural_workers_The_aim_was_to_increase_output_of_home-grown_food_and_reduce_dependence_on_imports_In_June_1917_Lord_Devonport_resigned_as_Food_Controller_to_be_replaced_by_Lord_Rhondda_who_introduced_compulsory_rationing_of_meat_sugar_and_butter_in_early_1918_By_1918_there_were_controls_over_almost_all_aspects_of_farming_the_Food_Controller_bought_all_essential_food_supplies_and_the_Corn_Production_Act_guaranteed_cereal_prices_Lord_Rhondda_died_on_1_July_1918_and_was_succeeded_by_John_Clynes_MP_The_armistice_treaty_ending_World_War_I_was_signed_on_11_November_1918_Following_the_war_the_Food_Controller_resigned_in_1919_and_the_Ministry_of_Food_progressively_wound_down_and_closed_on_31_March_1921\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">The Corn Production Act 1917 guaranteed minimum prices for wheat and oats, specified a minimum wage for agricultural workers and established the Agricultural Wages Board, to ensure stability for farmers and a share of this stability for agricultural workers. The aim was to increase output of home-grown food and reduce dependence on imports. In June 1917, Lord Devonport resigned as Food Controller to be replaced by Lord Rhondda, who introduced compulsory rationing of meat, sugar and butter in early 1918. By 1918, there were controls over almost all aspects of farming; the Food Controller bought all essential food supplies and the Corn Production Act guaranteed cereal prices. Lord Rhondda died on 1 July 1918 and was succeeded by John Clynes, MP. The armistice treaty ending World War I was signed on 11 November 1918. Following the war, the Food Controller resigned in 1919 and the Ministry of Food progressively wound down and closed on 31 March 1921.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u00a0\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain,\u00a01909-1944 &#8211; by &#8211; Leah Leneman &#8211; in full <a href=\"http:\/\/www.all-creatures.org\/articles\/ar-road.html\" title=\"There were individuals in the vegetarian movement in Britain who believed that to refrain from eating flesh, fowl, and fish while continuing to partake of dairy products and eggs was not going far enough. Between 1909 and 1912, The Vegetarian Society's journal published a vigorous correspondence on this subject.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">here<\/a>.<\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Excerpt_%E2%80%93\"><\/span>Excerpt &#8211;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_1912_Newcombe_the_editor_of_THMVR_noted_that_the_movement_contained_%E2%80%9Ctwo_classes_of_vegetarians_those_who_use_eggs_and_milk_and_their_products_butter_and_cheese_and_those_who_do_not%E2%80%9D_The_latter_were_a_minority_but_had_strong_reasons_behind_them_Newcombe_opened_the_journal_to_letters_arguing_the_pros_and_cons_After_summarizing_the_views_of_the_24_vegetarians_who_had_written_in_he_concluded_%E2%80%9CThe_defence_of_the_use_of_eggs_and_milk_by_vegetarians_so_far_as_it_has_been_offered_here_is_not_satisfactory_The_only_true_way_is_to_live_on_cereals_pulse_fruit_nuts_and_vegetables%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">In 1912, Newcombe, the editor of THMVR, noted that the movement contained\u00a0&#8220;two classes of vegetarians: those who use eggs and milk (and their products, butter\u00a0and cheese) and those who do not.&#8221; The latter were a minority but had strong\u00a0reasons behind them. Newcombe opened the journal to letters\u00a0arguing the pros and cons. After summarizing the views of the 24 vegetarians who\u00a0had written in, he concluded, &#8220;The defence of the use of eggs and milk by\u00a0vegetarians, so far as it has been offered here, is not satisfactory. The only true way\u00a0is to live on cereals, pulse, fruit, nuts and vegetables&#8221;.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thus_in_the_period_immediately_prior_to_World_War_I_the_Vegetarian_Society_appeared_to_be_moving_toward_what_would_later_be_called_a_vegan_diet_A_cataclysmic_war_intervened_but_the_issue_did_not_disappear_In_1923_editors_of_TVMHR_commented_%E2%80%9CWe_feel_that_the_ideal_position_for_vegetarians_is_abstinence_from_animal_products_and_that_most_of_us_are_like_other_reformers_in_a_transitional_stage%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Thus, in the period immediately prior to World War I, the Vegetarian Society\u00a0appeared to be moving toward what would later be called a vegan diet. A\u00a0cataclysmic war intervened, but the issue did not disappear. In 1923, editors of\u00a0TVMHR commented, &#8220;We feel that the ideal position for vegetarians is abstinence\u00a0from animal products, and that most of us are, like other reformers, in a transitional stage&#8221;.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"http:\/\/photohistory-sussex.co.uk\/Hastings_Newcombe.htm\" title=\"Cornelius Prout Newcombe was born in the London parish of St Luke's in 1825, the fourth of eight children born to Frederick Newcombe and Hannah Prout. In 1848 at Coventry, Cornelius Prout Newcombe married Caroline Tunnicliff (born c1823). Cornelius and Caroline Prout Newcombe settled in Leicester where their son Alfred Cornelius Newcombe was born in 1850. When the 1851 census was taken, Cornelius Prout Newcombe, his wife Caroline and their young son Alfred were residing in Leicester. The following year, Cornelius Prout Newcombe and his family had moved to Islington in North London, where their second child Caroline Newcombe was born during the 2nd Quarter of 1852. Two more children were born in London - Frederick Newcombe, who was born in 1853 or 1854 and Lucy Newcombe who arrived in 1855. While he was based in London in the early 1850s, Cornelius Prout Newcombe became a partner in Griffiths, Newcombe, &amp; Co., a company of ship owners and insurance brokers with offices in Liverpool and London. The firm of Griffiths, Newcombe, &amp; Co. were also Emigration Agents, arranging the passage of emigrants by ship to Australia (see below). On 21st August 1854,the firm of Griffiths, Newcombe, &amp; Co. filed for bankruptcy. With the collapse of Griffiths, Newcombe, &amp; Co. in 1854 Cornelius Prout Newcombe changed his career path and became a School Master.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">Newcombe<\/a> =\u00a0Cornelius Prout &#8220;C. P.&#8221; Newcombe (1825\u20121913), a vegetarian from 1850, a member of the <em>National Temperance Association<\/em> and agent of <em>Temperance Emigration Shipping<\/em>, c.1859 he ran vegetarian boarding school, and then spent several years in New Zealand. He retired to Torquay, and was active in late-nineteenth century vegetarianism.<\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"THMVR_The_Vegetarian_Societys_magazine_%E2%80%93_The_Vegetarian_Messenger_and_Health_Review\"><\/span>THMVR =\u00a0The Vegetarian Society&#8217;s magazine &#8211; <em>The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review.<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/veg_mess_sept_1914_001.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-12001 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/veg_mess_sept_1914_001.jpg\" alt=\"veg_mess_sept_1914_001\" width=\"593\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/veg_mess_sept_1914_001.jpg 593w, https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/veg_mess_sept_1914_001-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 593px) 100vw, 593px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vegsoc.org\/press-releases\/world-war-one---news-page\" title=\"The outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 was commented on in the September issue of the Vegetarian Society's magazine The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review. \"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">Source\u00a0<\/a>&#8211; in &#8211; The Vegetarian Society Archives<\/span><\/h6>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-7\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Our_Projects\"><\/span>Our Projects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.henrysalt.co.uk\/info\/\" title=\"The Henry S. Salt Archive is run and maintained by the site editors on the behalf of its patrons. However, we welcome and encourage anyone interested in the project to contribute.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">The Henry Salt Archive<\/a><\/em><\/strong> is one of our, almost completed, projects.<\/h4>\n<h4><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/reviews\/the-humanitarian-league-kowloon-39395\" title=\"Operating in Hong Kong alongside 'The Ernest Bell Memorial Library.' Republishing classic humanitarian books &amp; pamphlets. The Humanitarian League has been established to enforce the principle that it is iniquitous to inflict avoidable suffering on any sentient being. \"  target=\"_blank\">The Humanitarian League<\/a><\/strong><\/em> is our Hong Kong registered charity.<\/h4>\n<h4><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/remembering-vegetarian-pioneers-henry-s-salt-ernest-bell\/\" title=\"&quot;I have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library, which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature, and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.&quot; - Henry S. Salt\"  target=\"_blank\">The Ernest Bell Library<\/a><\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>was conceived in 1934. It is still strong &amp; very active eighty years later.<\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%E2%80%9CI_have_little_doubt_that_the_proposal_for_the_establishment_of_an_Ernest_Bell_Library_which_would_specialize_in_humanitarian_and_progressive_literature_and_so_form_a_sort_of_centre_for_students_will_meet_with_a_wide_response%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u00a0\u201cI have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>a<\/strong><strong>nd so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response.\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Henry S. Salt \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/remembering-vegetarian-pioneers-henry-s-salt-ernest-bell\/\" title=\"Sir, From the letters that have reached us, I have little doubt that the proposal for the establishment of an Ernest Bell Library, which would specialize in humanitarian and progressive literature, and so form a sort of centre for students, will meet with a wide response. I would now suggest that it would be a most helpful step if individuals who favour this idea would lend their names to strengthen the appeal that will have to be made to some Public Institution for the use of a room, and if Societies and Journals would also express their agreement. Such a Memorial would be so personally suitable, in view of Mr. Bell\u2019s many and long continued services, and so valuable to the cause of humane progress in general, that it is difficult to see how any objection could be made to it: the sole question is whether the initial difficulties can be overcome. I trust all friends of the humanitarian cause will lend their aid. HENRY S. SALT\"  target=\"_blank\">writing<\/a> in September 1934<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-8\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_anyone_would_like_more_information_please_send_an_email_to_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><strong>If anyone would like more information, please send an email to:\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"humanitarianleague_at_outlook_dot_com\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\">humanitarianleague<\/span> (at) <span style=\"color: #800080;\">outlook<\/span> (dot) <span style=\"color: #800080;\">com<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%93_or_message_me_through_HappyCow_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><strong>&#8211; or message me through\u00a0HappyCow\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/\"  target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-9\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lucky_Dip\"><\/span>Lucky Dip<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Links_to_12_pages_of_our_articles_%E2%80%93_which_are_mostly_about_vegan_history_anti-vivisection_our_Ernest_Bell_Library_project%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\"><\/span>Links to 12 pages of our articles &#8211; which are mostly about vegan history, anti-vivisection, our Ernest Bell Library project&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"There_are_6_per_page\"><\/span>There are 6 per page.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_index_is_being_worked_on\"><\/span>An index is being worked on!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/\"  target=\"_blank\">1<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/2\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/2\/\"  target=\"_blank\">2<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/3\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/3\/\"  target=\"_blank\">3<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/4\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/4\/\"  target=\"_blank\">4<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/5\/\"  target=\"_blank\">5<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/6\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/6\/\"  target=\"_blank\">6<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/7\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/7\/\"  target=\"_blank\">7<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/8\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/8\/\"  target=\"_blank\">8<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/9\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/9\/\"  target=\"_blank\">9<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/10\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/10\/\"  target=\"_blank\">10<\/a> &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/11\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/11\/\"  target=\"_blank\">11<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/12\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/author\/JohnnySensible\/page\/12\/\"  target=\"_blank\">12<\/a><\/h1>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_National_Museum_of_Animals_Society_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">The National Museum of Animals &amp; Society &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sharing_Their_Campaign_Information\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Sharing Their Campaign Information<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com\/projects\/a-museum-for-animals-people\" title=\"Please Click &amp; Visit the Indiegogo Campaign\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com\/project\/a-museum-for-animals-people\/embedded\" width=\"222px\" height=\"445px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/a><\/h1>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com\/projects\/a-museum-for-animals-people\/\" title=\"Please Click &amp; Visit the indiegogo.com Campaign\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">Please Click &amp; Visit the indiegogo.com Campaign<\/a><\/h4>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_museum_to_explore_the_human-animal_bond_the_animal_protection_movement\"><\/span>A museum to explore the human-animal bond &amp; the animal protection movement.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com\/projects\/a-museum-for-animals-people\" title=\"Please donate. Please share. Help us make a difference. Help us tell their stories and ours.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\"><b>HELP EXPAND THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANIMALS &amp; SOCIETY\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiegogo.com\/projects\/a-museum-for-animals-people\" title=\"Please donate. Please share. Help us make a difference. Help us tell their stories and ours.\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow\">AND EMPOWER CHANGE<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Veganism &#8211; &#8220;&#8230;&#8230;the next step in vegetarian practice&#8230;&#8230;&#8221; Here we share some items in our Ernest Bell Library\u00a0which date from during, &amp; just after, WW1 &amp; we add links to some of our favourite information sources. This was a period when many people in the UK were already vegan &amp; the merits of veganism were being actively debated in vegetarian literature; &#8230;&#8230;..even though the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself had not yet been coined. Dorothy &amp; Donald Watson thought up the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in 1944. Our motivation: &#8211; the history of veganism interests us deeply. we believe that these ground-breaking pioneers deserve to be known &amp; remembered today. we appreciate the art. we love the quality of the writing &amp; research. much of the material can be reused in 2015 &amp; beyond. the belief that we &#8216;date from the hippie era&#8217; is widespread &#8211; the oldest &#8216;vegan&#8217; items in The Ernest Bell Library are from the 1830s. we are &#8216;history geeks&#8217;. &nbsp; Shown above is a\u00a0Donald McGill\u00a0postcard from our Ernest Bell Library &#8211; undated &#8211; WW1 era &#8211; circa 1917. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 Donald McGill &#8211; part-time vegan propagandist To see larger images of Donald McGill&#8217;s &#8216;vegan&#8217; postcard (mini-version here RHS ) &#8211;\u00a0click here. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9728,"featured_media":11705,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2274,3,2275],"tags":[1864,16,2014],"class_list":["post-11701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vegan-history","category-vegan","category-vegetarian-history","tag-veg-history-2","tag-veganism","tag-world-war-i"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>World War I Era - Preparing For Veganism - HappyCow<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"World War I Era - Preparing For Veganism - HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Veganism &#8211; &#8220;&#8230;&#8230;the next step in vegetarian practice&#8230;&#8230;&#8221; Here we share some items in our Ernest Bell Library\u00a0which date from during, &amp; just after, WW1 &amp; we add links to some of our favourite information sources. This was a period when many people in the UK were already vegan &amp; the merits of veganism were being actively debated in vegetarian literature; &#8230;&#8230;..even though the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself had not yet been coined. Dorothy &amp; Donald Watson thought up the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in 1944. Our motivation: &#8211; the history of veganism interests us deeply. we believe that these ground-breaking pioneers deserve to be known &amp; remembered today. we appreciate the art. we love the quality of the writing &amp; research. much of the material can be reused in 2015 &amp; beyond. the belief that we &#8216;date from the hippie era&#8217; is widespread &#8211; the oldest &#8216;vegan&#8217; items in The Ernest Bell Library are from the 1830s. we are &#8216;history geeks&#8217;. &nbsp; Shown above is a\u00a0Donald McGill\u00a0postcard from our Ernest Bell Library &#8211; undated &#8211; WW1 era &#8211; circa 1917. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 Donald McGill &#8211; part-time vegan propagandist To see larger images of Donald McGill&#8217;s &#8216;vegan&#8217; postcard (mini-version here RHS ) &#8211;\u00a0click here. [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HappyCow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-12-24T15:18:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-21T07:38:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/MeatlessDaysUS.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"580\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"369\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"John Edmundson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@happycow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@happycow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"John Edmundson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/world-war-i-era-preparing-for-veganism\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"John Edmundson\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.happycow.net\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/82520fa57a466fbf415c30cbffffec7a\"},\"headline\":\"World War I Era &#8211; 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This was a period when many people in the UK were already vegan &amp; the merits of veganism were being actively debated in vegetarian literature; &#8230;&#8230;..even though the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; itself had not yet been coined. Dorothy &amp; Donald Watson thought up the word &#8216;vegan&#8217; in 1944. Our motivation: &#8211; the history of veganism interests us deeply. we believe that these ground-breaking pioneers deserve to be known &amp; remembered today. we appreciate the art. we love the quality of the writing &amp; research. much of the material can be reused in 2015 &amp; beyond. the belief that we &#8216;date from the hippie era&#8217; is widespread &#8211; the oldest &#8216;vegan&#8217; items in The Ernest Bell Library are from the 1830s. we are &#8216;history geeks&#8217;. &nbsp; Shown above is a\u00a0Donald McGill\u00a0postcard from our Ernest Bell Library &#8211; undated &#8211; WW1 era &#8211; circa 1917. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 Donald McGill &#8211; part-time vegan propagandist To see larger images of Donald McGill&#8217;s &#8216;vegan&#8217; postcard (mini-version here RHS ) &#8211;\u00a0click here. 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